Skin evaluation

RA Tupker, J Schuur, PJ Coenraads. Irritancy of antiseptics tested by repeated open exposure on the human skin, evaluated by non-invasive methods. Contact Derm 37 213-217, 1997. 

T Agner, J Serup. Time course of occlusive effects on skin evaluated by measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Contact Dermatitis 28 6-9, 1993. 

Boelsma, E, Tanojo, H., Bodde, H.E., and Ponec, M. (1996). Assessment of the potential irritancy of oleic acid on human skin evaluation in vitro and in vivo, Toxicol. In Vitro, 10 729-742. 

Fujiwara, N. Skin evaluation method using Congo red. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2007263655, 2007 Chem. Abstr. 2007, 147, 422443. 

The case of thin-skin regime appears in various industrial sectors such as aerospace (with aluminium parts) and also nuclear in tubes (with ferromagnetic parts or mild steel components). The detection of deeper defects depends of course on the choice of the frequency and the dimension of the probe. Modelling can evaluate different solutions for a type of testing in order to help to choose the best NDT system. 

J. R. Bowler and N. Flarfield, Evaluation of prohe impedance due to thin-skin eddy-eurrent interaction with surface cracks, IEEE Trans. Mag., accepted. 

Use of One-Dimensional Skin-Effect Equations for Predicting Remote Field Characteristics Materials Evaluation Vol.47 / Jan.89... 

Skin contact with methanol may present a greater health threat than skin contact with gasoline and diesel fuel and is being evaluated. 

Evaluation of the irritation eUcited from an appHcation of hiU-strength alcohol left ia contact with the skin for 24 h. 

FLUOROTRIAZINES Riag-fluoriaated triaziaes are used ia fiber-reactive dyes. Perfluoroalkyl triaziaes are offered commercially as mass spectral markers and have been iatensively evaluated for elastomer and hydraulic fluid appHcations. Physical properties of representative fluorotriaziaes are listed ia Table 13. Toxicity data are available. For cyanuric fluoride, LD g =3.1 ppm for 4 h (iahalatioa, rat) and 160 mg/kg (skin, rabbit) (127). 

The immunorestorative potential of inosiplex has been evaluated in several clinical conditions, including post-surgical trauma, cancer patients with concurrent viral infections, and cancer patients receiving radiotherapy or chemotherapy. For example, most (84%) of the surgery patients remained immunologicaHy depressed, but 56% of the inosiplex-treated surgery patients had complete restoration of normal skin test reactivity (probability level < 0.0005). The use of inosiplex as an adjuvant to chemotherapy or radiotherapy appears to be valuable in the prophylaxis against opportunistic infections. 

Initial evaluations of chemicals produced for screening are performed by smelling them from paper blotters. However, more information is necessary given the time and expense required to commercialize a new chemical. No matter how pleasant or desirable a potential odorant appears to be, its performance must be studied and compared with available ingredients in experimental fragrances. A material may fail to Hve up to the promise of its initial odor evaluation for a number of reasons. It is not at all uncommon to have a chemical disappear in a formulation or skew the overall odor in an undesirable way. Some materials are found to be hard to work with in that their odors stick out and caimot be blended weU. Because perfumery is an individuaHstic art, it is important to have more than one perfumer work with a material of interest and to have it tried in several different fragrance types. Aroma chemicals must be stable in use if their desirable odor properties are to reach the consumer. Therefore, testing in functional product appHcations is an important part of the evaluation process. Other properties that can be important for new aroma chemicals are substantivity on skin and cloth, and the abiHty to mask certain malodors. 

MicrobaUoons have been used for gap filling, where the spheres dampen sound or vibration in the stmcture. In the medical area, microbaUoons have been evaluated as a skin replacement for bum victims and phantom tissue for radiation studies. An important appHcation is in nitroglycerin-based explosives, in which microbaUoons permit a controUed sequential detonation not possible with glass spheres. 

Repellents Tested with Animal Attractants. Numerous methods have iavolved the use of animals as attractants, foUowed by evaluation of repeUents as skin treatments or attached cloth treatments, often against crawling arthropods such as fleas, ticks, and mites. Animals such as gerbUs, guiaea pigs, camels, mice, shaved rabbits, and hairless dogs have been used, particularly when the toxicity is unknown. 

Sensitization. The skin irritation and sensitization potentials of 9.0% thioglycolic acid were evaluated usiag the open epicutaneous test. Reactions were not observed dutiag the challenge phase. ThioglycoHc acid was an irritant, but not a sensitizer (20). 

Methods of testing for eye and skin irritation potential have been reviewed (137). The official FHSA procedure for evaluating ocular irritation potential of detergent products is a modified Drai2e rabbit eye test (138). Some controversy surrounds this method at present, and a search for a procedure less injurious to test animals is in progress. In general, the order of irritation is cationic > anionic > nonionic (139). 

The acute oral toxicity and the primary skin and acute eye irritative potentials of dimer acids, distilled dimer acids, trimer acids, and monomer acids have been evaluated based on the techniques specified ia the Code of Eederal Regulatioas (CER) (81). The results of this evaluatioa are showa ia Table 7. Based oa these results, monomer acids, distilled dimer acids, dimer acids, and trimer acids are classified as nontoxic by ingestion, are not primary skin irritants or corrosive materials, and are not eye irritants as these terms are defined ia the Eederal regulatioas. 

Has the employer conducted any objective monitoring (i.e., of contamination of the skin or work clothes) to evaluate the effectiveness of PPE selected [OSHA Reference. 120(g)(3)]... 

These parameters are used to evaluate how stressful a given hot working environment is. Depending on the physiological limitations for factors such as sweat rate, total sweat loss, heat storage, and skin wettedness, which are listed in Table 6.8, it is possible to evaluate whether a given environment is acceptable for continuous work. The method also allows calculation of an acceptable working time. Detailed equations for the calculations can be found in the standard (ISO 7933). The relation between the operative temperature and for different... 

A number of chimerized, humanized, and one human mAb have now been approved for therapeutic use in humans in the treatment of autoimmunity, malignancy, infection and cardiovascular disease (Table 1). Some of the currently licensed mAb will be discussed here. A much larger number of mAb are currently being evaluated in Phase I, II and III trials. In general, chimeric, humanized and human mAb are very well tolerated with few side effects. Chimeric or humanized mAb still have the potential to evoke host immune response to the variable domains or CDRs of the antibody so-called HACA (human anti-chimeric antibody) or HAHA (human anti-human antibody) responses, although these responses are uncommon. Short-lived and occasionally severe infusion-related acute hypersensitivity reactions such as fever, skin itching, shivering, respiratory compromise and low blood pressure sometimes occur-. Such effects may... 

The toxicity of IPN is evaluated by Ref 6 as follows (a) When inhaled as a vapor or adsorbed thru the skin, IPN acts as a vasodilator and produces a headache in the same manner as other organic nitrates (b) When injected subcutaneously into rats at the rate of 4cc/kg body wt, it was concluded that the max allowable concn is lOOppm and (c) When rats were exposed to different concn levels of IPN in air the following resulted ... 

An ongoing assessment is important in evaluating the patient s response to therapy, such as a decrease in temperature, the relief of symptoms caused by the infection (eg, pain or discomfort), an increase in appetite, and a change in the appearance or amount of drainage (when originally present). The nurse notifies the primany health care provider if symptoms of the infection appear to worsen. The nurse checks the patient s skin regularly for rash and is alert for any loose stools or diarrhea... 

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