Sulfate products

Minerals of sodium sulfate occur naturally throughout the world. The deposits result from evaporation of inland seas and terminal lakes. Colder climates, such as those found ia Canada and the former Soviet Union, favor formation of mirabilite. Warmer climates, such as those found ia South America, India, Mexico, and the western United States, favor formation of thenardite. In areas where other anions and cations are present, double salts can be found of the kiads shown ia Table 2, which Hsts nearly all naturally occurring minerals containing sodium sulfate. Except for mirabilite, thenardite, and astrakanite, these mineral deposits play a minor role ia sodium sulfate production. 

At Great Salt Lake Minerals Corporation (Utah), solar-evaporated brines are winter-chilled to —3° C in solar ponds. At this low temperature, a relatively pure Glauber s salt precipitates. Ponds are drained and the salt is loaded into tmcks and hauled to a processing plant. At the plant, Glauber s salt is dissolved in hot water. The resulting Hquor is filtered to remove insolubles. The filtrate is then combined with soHd-phase sodium chloride, which precipitates anhydrous sodium sulfate of 99.5—99.7% purity. Great Salt Lake Minerals Corporation discontinued sodium sulfate production in 1993 when it transferred production and sales to North American Chemical Corporation (Trona, California). 

In 1980, >1 one million ts of sodium sulfate were consumed in the United States, but this had declined to <600, 000 t by the end of 1994. The decline is partly a result of higher energy prices and more efficient use of Na2S04 by the paper industry. At one time the kraft paper industry consumed two-thirds of sodium sulfate production. Pressures on paper producers to clean effluent streams and reduce energy forced improvements in internal processes and recycling of sodium sulfate (11,12). 

Sulfation is defined as any process of introducing an SO group into an organic compound to produce the characteristic C—OSO configuration. Typically, sulfation of alcohols utilizes chlorosulfuric acid or sulfur trioxide reagents. Unlike the sulfonates, which show remarkable stability even after prolonged heat, sulfated products are unstable toward acid hydrolysis. Hence, alcohol sulfuric esters are immediately neutralized after sulfation in order to preserve a high sulfation yield. 

Dimethyl Sulfate—Product Safety bulletin. Technical bulletin, DuPont, Wilmington, Del., Mar. 1980. 

Sulfated Natural Oils and Fats. Sulfated natural triglycerides were the first nonsoap commercial surfactants introduced in the middle of the nineteenth century. Since then sulfates of many vegetable, animal, and fish oils have been investigated (see also Fats AND FATTY oils). With its hydroxyl group and a double bond, ricinoleic acid (12-hydroxy-9,10-octadecenoic acid) is an oil constituent particularly suited for sulfation. Its sulfate is known as turkey-red oil. Oleic acid is also suited for sulfation. Esters of these acids can be sulfated with a minimum of hydrolysis of the glyceride group. Polyunsaturated acids, with several double bonds, lead to dark-colored sulfation products. The reaction with sulfuric acid proceeds through either the hydroxyl or the double bond. The sulfuric acid half ester thus formed is neutralized with caustic soda ... 

Tribasic coppersulfate is usually prepared by reaction of sodium carbonate and copper sulfate. As the temperature of the reaction contents increases so does the size of the resulting particle. For use as a crop fungicide, intermediate (40—60°C) temperatures are used to obtain a fine particle. When lower temperatures are used to precipitate basic copper(II) sulfate, products high in sulfate and water of hydration are obtained. 

Although widely used in the past and still used in special cases, the industrial sulfation with chlorosulfonic acid presents several problems which have caused the decline of this technique in favor of the more advantageous sulfation method with sulfur trioxide. These problems consist of evolution of the highly corrosive hydrogen chloride, heat transfer characteristics of the reaction, and the comparatively high level of chloride ion in the sulfated product compared with alcohol and alcohol ether sulfates obtained with sulfur trioxide. 

An important feature of sulfation chemistry is the thermal instability of the acid sulfate, which breaks down to a mixture of products including the parent alcohol, the dialkyl sulfate (R0S020R), the dialkyl ether (ROR), isomeric alcohols, olefins (R CH=CH2), and esters (R0S03R). Because of the thermal instability of the acid sulfate it is necessary to avoid high sulfation temperatures and to neutralize the acid sulfation product soon after its formation. An aging time of about 1 min at 30-50°C is adequate for the second reaction whereby the desired alkyl hydrogen sulfate is formed. In practice the minimum sulfation feasible temperature is determined by the need for the feedstock and reaction mixture to be mobile liquids (Table 3). 

Theoretically, the mechanism for ethoxylated alcohol sulfation is similar to primary alcohol sulfation, involving the rapid formation of a metastable product. The stoichiometry of this almost instantaneous and highly exothermic initial reaction corresponds again to more than one molecule of S03 per molecule of feedstock (Table 4). The desired ethoxylate acid sulfate product formed is... 

Lovley DR, EJP Phillips (1994) Novel processes for anaerobic sulfate production from elemental sulfur by sulfate-reducing bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 60 2394-2399. 

Water use in copper sulfate plants is mainly used as contact water, noncontact cooling water, washdowns, and as wash water, where solid copper sulfate product is required. Noncontact water is generated as steam condensate from the evaporators and is used to cool the crystallizers. Contact wastewater comes mainly from washdowns, spills, and leaks. Both types of wastewater contain relatively small quantities of copper sulfides and other heavy metals. 

Hargreaves process, of sodium sulfate production, 20 626 22 866-867, 868 Harmine, 2 92... 

Sulfated alkenes, 23 538 Sulfated carbohydrate products, 23 538 Sulfated cyclodextrin-based chiral stationary phase, 6 87 Sulfated fatty acids, 23 538 Sulfated fatty alcohol ethoxylates, 23 537 Sulfated fatty oils, 23 538 Sulfated products... 

See also Ti02-based heterogeneous photocatalysis, 18 58 powder used in cosmetics, 7 841t preparation of, 25 18 production of, 19 385, 387-393 PVC and, 25 684 reactivity of, 25 17-18 semiconductor, 5 600 as soap bar additive, 22 744 sulfate production process for,... 

Allied Corp. Hydroxylamine Sulfate Product Safety Data Sheet. Morristown, NJ, Allied Corporation, 1983... 

A 500 xL soln was prepared with the following concentrations peptide (0.2 mM), 4-nitrophenylsulfate (1 mM) in glycine/0.1 M NaOH (pH 8.6), MgCl2 (25 mM), and 1M AST. The reaction was started by the addition of 4-nitrophenylsulfate, and incubation was carried out at 37 °C for 24 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by HPLC and the sulfated products were isolated by RP-HPLC (linear gradient from 15 to 60% MeOH in H,0). Fractions containing the sulfated peptides were neutralized with NH3 to pH 7 and lyophilized yields CCK-8 (74%), CCK-12 (47%), phyllocaerulein (68%), caerulein was sulfated only to 25%. 

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