Polymers polyacrylamide

Directions for preparing a potentiometric biosensor for penicillin are provided in this experiment. The enzyme penicillinase is immobilized in a polyacrylamide polymer formed on the surface of a glass pH electrode. The electrode shows a linear response to penicillin G over a concentration range of 10 M to 10 M. 

Aqueous solutions of polyacrylamide may be used as plugging solutions for high-permeability formations. Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide polymer also has been used [1211] and completely hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile has been proposed [1427]. 

Huang, C-G. Green, D.W. Willhite, G.P. "An Experimental Study of the In-Situ Gelation of Chromium(+3)-Polyacrylamide Polymer in Porous Media", SPE/DOE paper 12638, 1984 SPE/DOE Fourth Symposium on Enhanced Oil Recovery, Tulsa, April 15-18. 

A micellar flood was then started with the injection of the micellar slug, polymer buffer, and the drive water in succession, at a rate of 1.3 m/day. Two types of polymers - polyacrylamide polymer (Dow Pusher 700) and Xanthan Gum polymer (Kelzan XC) - were used as the polymer buffers. Sodium chloride brine (1%) was used as the drive water. Effluent was collected and analyzed for surfactant content using the IR and UV techniques. 

Papermaking technology, 17 496, 497 Paper manufacture. See also Papermaking acrylic ester polymers for, 1 390 polyacrylamide polymers for, 1 324-325 Paper materials standards, 15 742 Paper mills, use of tire-derived fuel in, 21 464... 

Modifiers in the flotation of sulphide minerals mainly include depressants and activators. A depressant is defined as a reagent which inhibits the adsorption of a collector on a given mineral or adsorbed on the mineral to make the siuface hydrophilic, and includes inorganic depressants such as lime, sodium cyanide, sulphin dioxide, zinc sulphate, sodium sulphide etc., and organic depressants such as sulfhydryl acetic acid, polyacrylamide polymers containing various functional groups etc. In this chapter, roles of depressants in the flotation sulphide minerals will be discussed and some new organic depressants will be introduced. 

Assuming a typical oil reservoir containing medium heavy crude oil and employing a reservoir flow rate of 0.26 m/day. The solution viscosity could be increased to 30 mPa s by adding about 1000 pg/rril (0.1%) partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide polymer (at pH 8.5). The interfacial tension could be reduced to 0.1 mN/m by adding 1% sodium carbonate, which reacts with the crude oil to produce natural surfactant. The interfacial tension could be further reduced to 0.03 mN/m by adding 0.1% ethoxylated alcohol sulfate cosurfactant. 

The presence of oxygen virtually always leads to oxidative degradation of the polyacrylamide polymer. However, at a low temperature, the effect of dissolved oxygen on HPAM solution viscosity is not significant, and the polymer solution could be stable for a long time. As the temperature increases, even if a small amount of oxygen exists, HPAM solution viscosity quickly decreases with time. For example, the half-lives for a polymer at 50°C, 70°C, and 90°C are 117, 20, and 2.6 hours, respectively. As the oxygen concentration increases, the viscosity decreases faster (Luo et al., 2006). 

Zaitoun and Kohler (1987, 1988) observed lower residual oil saturation during polyacrylamide polymer flood but not during xanthan flood, while the opposite observation was made by Pusch et al. (1987). Bakhitov et al. (1980)... 

Bio-gel-P is a polyacrylamide polymer cross-linked with methylene bisacrylamide. Bio-gel-P normally is not employed with water-miscible organic solvents because the beads contract, causing reduction in pore size. It is compatible with dilute organic acids, 8M urea, 6M guanidine HCl, chaotropic agents, and detergents. 

An important consideration in catalyst, reagent or substrate recovery is measuring and verifying how effective such recovery actually is. While we have modeled such recovery using dye-modified polymers, analyses of catalysts typically requires additional analytical work. For example, ICP analysis for residual metal can be used as a quantitative and sensitive assay. Such assays are however more problematic with non-metallic catalysts. In this paper, we show that bifunctional polymers where both a catalyst and a colorimetric label are included in the same polyacrylamide polymer provide a simple way to monitor separability and catalyst recovery for non-metallic polymer-bound catalysts. 

MAJOR USES Production of polyacrylamide polymers used as a chemical intermediate in the production of N-methylol acrylamide and N-butoxyacrylamide absorbent in disposable diapers, medical products and agricultural products sugar beet juice clarification adhesives printing ink emulsion stabilizers thickening agents for agricultural sprays. 

Monomer 3 essentially serves to functionalise the polyacrylamide polymer after liberation of the primary amino group of the P-alanine moiety. The hexamethylenediamine groups serve as spacers in order to spatially separate the reactive groups. Monomer 3 was later on replaced by acryloylsarcosin methylester 4 (Scheme 1.5.5. ), which is chemically closer to the basic monomer, in order to achieve a homogenous distribution of the functional groups. 

Since the polyacrylamide polymers are the major concern in this present study, the effect of salts on their rheological behavior will be emphasized and evaluated. 

If the molecules of a polyacrylamide polymer are electrically uncharged, then the polymer is called either unhydrolyzed or non-ionic. In this case the polymer molecules are usually loose and roughly spherical coils, while showing a linear-chain configuration, in any solvent. Thus the polymer solution would exhibit a high viscosity ... 

On the other hand, only Szabo investigated the long term viscosity behavior of the polyacrylamide polymer in caustic solutions of constant caustic concentration. Based on Figure 1, which is a reproduction from Szabo s paper, the stability of polyacrylamide polymers in caustic solutions of constant caustic concentration can be described as follows ... 

When an unhydrolyzed polyacrylamide polymer is dissolved in a caustic solution, a reaction starts immediately between the alkaline agent (NaOH) and the amide (NH2) groups of the polymer molecules. This reaction, which is nothing different from the hydrolyzation process (hydrolysis) of the polyacrylamide molecules, progresses continuously either for several hours or several days, depending on the nature of the polymer used. 

---