Salts, detergents

Recovery/purification reagents (salts, detergents, urea enzymes, filter aids, etc.)... 

The oxidation reactions were performed in a glass batch reactor, equipped with magnetic stirrer (mechanic for L-sorbose oxidation), reflux condenser and thermometer. The reaction conditions are summarized in Table I. Before reaction the catalyst was pre-reduced in situ in a nitrogen atmosphere ( 20 min) with the alcohol reactant in 30-40 ml alkaline water (and dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt detergent for water-insoluble reactants). The reactor worked in a mass transfer limited regime, controlled by the air flow rate (7.5-20 cm3min 1) and the mixing rate (1500-1800 min 1). The reactions were followed by GO or HPLC analysis. 

The contaminants are of different origin and include buffers, non-volatile salts, detergents and many compounds of unknown origin. ESI can tolerate only low quantities of contaminant ions. These ions can reduce the abundance of the ions from the compound of interest and can even totally suppress them. They also very often result in the formation of adduct ions, further reducing the sensitivity by distribution of the ion current over several species. Furthermore, they may complicate the determination of the molecular mass, or reduce the accuracy of the molecular mass if some adducts are not separated from the ions of the protonated molecule. 

The most frequently chosen method for compound characterization in the pharmaceutical industry is LC/MS [6]. Replacing flow injection by a chromatographic separation prior to MS analysis offers three major advantages i) impurities or by-products are separated in time from the product of interest, rendering a purity assessment of the sample possible ii) ionization suppression of the compound of interest by salts, detergents, or by-products is avoided iii) the interpretation of mass spectra of pure compounds is much easier than the MS analysis of mixtures. Combinations of separation techniques with mass spectrometry have been reviewed recently by Tomer [39]. 

Experimentally, the first step in amino acid analysis, whose origins go back to the work of Stein and Moore in 1948, is hydrolysis of the protein. The protein sample should not contain too much salt, detergent or other additives, and dialysis against a dilute buffer or even water is recommended as a first step. The dialysed solution is then dried in vacuo the quantity needed depends on the sensitivity of the amino acid analyser (typically 1-10 nmol, with older forms of apparatus needing 10- tolOO-fold larger size samples). The dried sample is then subjected to hydrolysis 6 M HQ at 150 °C for 6 h, or 125 °C for 24 h, or 110 °C for 48 h. To exclude oxygen, 0.02 % (v/v) 2-mercaptoethanol and 0.25 % (w/v) phenol are added to the hydrolysis. With the most sensitive amino add analysers currently available, it is possible to analyse protein samples recovered from polyacrylamide gels and blotted onto PVDF-membranes. 

After eliminating previously characterized proteins, 67 pntative new NETs were identified between the NaOH extracted and salt/detergent extracted NE fractions. 

Acrilev. [Hnetex] Phosphate ester salts detergent wettir agent dye leveler for textiles. 

Alipal . [Rhone-Poulenc Surf.] Ethoxylated alcohol sulfate salt detergent emulsifier, stabilizer, lime-soap dispersant wetting agent foamer dishwashing formulations, scrub soaps, car washes, rug and hair shampoos, emulsion polymerization, concrete, petrol, waxes, textile wet processing, cosmetics, pesticides. 

Bradford Soaps. [Original Bradford Soap Works] Fatty acid sodium or potassium salts detergents, lubricants in flaked or liquid forms. 

Duoquad . [Akzo] Diquatemary ammonium salts detergent, corrosion inhibitor, metal cleaner, emulsifier for sec. oil recovery. 

Neon. [WitcoSA] Lauryl sulfate salts detergent base for cosmetics. 

Nissan Snnalpha. [Nippon Oils ft Fats] Alpha-sulfonated fatty add ester blend, so um salt detergent for household and industrial cleaning. 

Octaron. [Seppic] POE nonyljdienol ether sulfate sodium salt detergent... 

Petronate. [Witco/Somtebom] Petroleom sulfonate salts detergent, rust inhibitor, wetting r ent, emulstfier, dispos-ant, rust preventative for hibe and industrial oils, fuels, greases, drycleaning soaps, textile ptocessh. ... 

Sipon . (Rhone-Poulenc Surf.] Lauryl sulfate salts detergent emulsifier, foaming apnt solubilizer, penetrant for cosmetics, fritrics, polymtfization. 

Strodex . [Dexter] Polyphosphotic ester acid anhydride m salts detergents, emnlsifier, dispersant, wetting agent, stabilizer for paints, pigment grinding. 

Vifcoll. [Nikko Chem. Co. Ltd.] N-Cocoyl collagen peptide, sodium salt detergent, emulsifier used in personal care prods., pharmaceuticals, food in-dustiy, and household cleaning fuods. 

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