Ethanol inhibitory concentrations

Aeration required for aerobic growth removes ethanol (produced by yeast growth) from the medium, keeping ethanol levels below inhibitory concentrations, thus giving a higher yield. 

Antibacterial activity. Decoction of the dried fruit, on agar plate, was inactive on Pseudomonas aeruginosa° K Water extract of the dried fruit, on agar plate, was active on Salmonella typhi, inhibitory concentration (10)5010-3 p.g/mL . Water extract of the dried fruit, on agar plate at a concentration of 62.5 mg/mL, was inactive on Escheri chia coli and Staphylococcus aureus° . Water extract of the dried fruit, on agar plate at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, was inactive on Salmonella typhi . ITot water extract of the dried fruit, on agar plate at a concentration of 62.5 mg/mL, was inactive on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus° . Ethanol (100%) extract of the fresh leaf, on agar plate, at a concentration of 2.5 mg/disc, was... 

Antileukemic activity. Aucubin, in combination with caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and vanillic acid, exhibited weak antileukemic activity (inhibitory concentration [ICJjo 26-56 pg/ mL, international system of units 2-11) on human leukemia and lymphoma cell lines. Water-insoluble compounds, such as triterpenoids (oleanolic acid and ursolic acid), monotepene (linalool), and flavonoid (luteolin) produced strong activity " . Anti-nematodal activity. Water extract of the dried seed, at various concentrations, was active on Meloidogyne incognita Anti-yeast activity. Ethanol (80%) extract of the dried entire plant, on agar plate at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, was inactive on Candida albicans K... 

Cytotoxic activity. Ethanol (90%) extract of the dried entire plant, in cell culture at a concentration of 0.25 mg/mL, was active on human lymphocytes Veto cells, effective dose (EDljo 0.36 mg/mL Chinese hamster ovary cells, EDjo 0.44 mg/mL and Dalton s lyphoma, EBj LZ mg/mL . Methylene chloride extract of the dried leaf, in cell culture, produced weak activity on CA-colon-SW 480, inhibitory concentration (IO506.I p,g/mL. A concentration of 500 ppm was inactive on CA-human-colon-CO-115 . Methylene chloride extract of the dried root, in cell culture at a concentration of 500 ppm, was inactive on CA-human-co-lon-CO-115 and active on CA-colon-SW 480, IC50 3.6 p-g/mL. Methanol extract of the dried root, in cell culture at a concentration of 500 ppm, was inactive on CA-colon-SW 480 and CA-human-colon-CO-115 . Ethanol (50%) extract of the seed, in cell culture, was inactive on CA-9KB, ED50 greater than 20 pg/mL 5 Water extract of the dried seed, in cell culture at a concentration of 500.0 pg/mL, produced weak activity on CA-mammary-microal-veolar . Water extract of the dried seed, in cell culture at a concentration of 500 pg/ mL, was inactive on CA-JTC-26 . Seed oil, in cell culture at concentrations of 0.01% and 0.1%, was inactive on the rat fibroblasts. A concentration of 1% produced weak activity " " . Seed oil, in cell culture at... 

Anti-amoebic activity. Ethanol (80%) extract of the dried rhizome was inactive on Entamoeba histolytica, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) greater than 1 mg/ mL The extract, administered intragas-trically to male hamsters at a dose of 800 mg/kg, was active vs experimentally induced hepatic amebiasis . A dose of 250 mg/kg, administered intragastrically to rats on days 1-5, produced weak activity and a dose of 500 mg/kg was active " ". Anti-atherosclerotic activity. Ethanol (50%) extract of the dried rhizome, administered intragastrically to male rabbits at a dose of 500 mg/kg, reduced atherogenic index from 4.7 to 1.2 on the aorta . Antibacterial activity. Decoction of the dried entire plant, on agar plate, was inactive on Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis MIC 125 mg/mL. Bacillus subtilis, Bordetella... 

Crude extracts prepared from different parts of Turkish T. baccata have also been evaluated for their antimycobacterial activity. A CHCI3 fraction of the heartwood and ethanol extract of the leaves exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration value (MIC) against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra strain of 200 pg/mL [102]. 

Antimicrobial activity optimum antimicrobial activity occurs between pH 4-10. Preservative efficacy is enhanced by ethanol and reduced by soaps and other anionic surfactants. For typical minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) see Table II.< >... 

Table II Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for aqueous solutions containing propyl gallate and 4% v/v ethanol.

Ethanol and aqueous extracts of passionflower inhibited GABA transaminase and glutamic acid decarboxylase in vitro. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were between 1.2 and 2.5 mg/ml (Awad et al. 2007). 

Finally, Yan et al. (2008) reported on the cytotoxic activity of the EO and extracts of Lynderia strychnifolia (Lanraceae), a plant which is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. Three human cancer cell lines (A549, HeLa, and Hep G2) were examined by in vitro assays. The strongest cytotoxicity on the cancer cells showed the leaf oil with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values ranging between 22 and 24 pg/mL after 24 h of treatment. The EO of the leaves and also of the roots exhibited greater cytotoxicity than ethanol extracts. 

Acetonitrile, methanol and DMSO had no apparent effect on umbelliferone glucuronidation in human hepatocytes at concentration up to 2% [32]. With HLMs or expressed UGTs, inhibitory effects of organic solvents on glucuronidation of 7-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethyl-coumarin (7-HFC) and estradiol generally followed the order acetonitrile > ethanol > methonal > DMSO [33], DMSO did not inhibit estradiol-3-glucuronidation activity at a concentration up... 

Results of experiments with water and ethanol extracts from sesquiterpene-enriched plants Achillea millefolium and Gaillardia pulchella are given in Table 2. The inhibitory effects are dependent on the solvents and the concentration of plant material. Strongest effects were observed mainly, for leaves and flowers. 

Note Each solvent has a maximal allowable final concentration, which does not have an inhibitory response on the differentiation itself For the most commonly used solvents DMSO and Ethanol the maximal allowable final concentration is 0.3 and 0.5 %, respectively. 

Since fermentation takes place in a dilute aqueous solution, the reaction continues until the alcohol concentration approaches about 14%. At higher concentrations, the process becomes self-inhibitory. By-products from starch fermentation to ethanol can include higher-molecular-weight alcohols, glycerine, and ethers. Usually no more than 10% starch is converted to these compounds. Atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, and membrane separation techniques can be used to recover ethanol from the final fermented product. The distillate bottoms, called stillage, are recovered as a by-product for animal feed. A biomass fermentation flow diagram is provided in FIGURE 12-2. 

The synapic potential mediated by non-NMDA receptors was recorded in normal ACSF. When ethanol (10-50 mM) was added to the perfusing medium, no significant change in non-NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic potential was observed. However, the addition of ethanol at a higher concentration (100 mM) induced a small reduction in non-NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic potential (Fig.(5)A). The reduction in non-NMDA response rapidly occurred after the addition of 100 mM ethanol and reached a steady state within 10 min. After washing out the ethanol, the response gradually returned to the normal level. When 10 pM crocin was added 10 min prior to the ethanol, the non-NMDA response was similarly reduced in the presence of 100 mM ethanol (Fig.(5)B). Crocin (10 pM) did not significantly affect the inhibitory effect of 100 mM ethanol on non-NMDA response (Fig.(5)C) [22],... 

In order to confirm the possible interaction of ethanol and crocin on NMDA receptors, we also performed whole-cell patch recording with primary cultured hippocampal neurons and measured membrane currents induced by the application of NMDA in a voltage-clamped condition. Application of 100 pM NMDA induced an inward current of 100.2 9.8 pA (n=10) at a holding potential of -60 mV. The NMDA-induced inward current was not affected by 10 pM CNQX (data not shown), but was completely abolished by 30 pM APV, supporting the fact that the response was mediated by NMDA receptors. Ethanol inhibited NMDA-induced currents in a concentration-dependent manner. Crocin (10 pM) had no effect on NMDA-induced currents by itself (data not shown), but attenuated the inhibitory effect of ethanol on NMDA-induced currents. The concentration-effect curve for ethanol was shifted to the right by the presence of crocin [22]. 

---