Esophageal melanoma

FIGURE 14.35 A, Esophageal melanoma. Subjacent to a normal squamous mucosa, undifferentiated, dyshesive neoplastic cells expand the submucosa. B, Esophageal melanortia. Tyrosinase diffusely stains the neoplastic cells with moderate intensity. Many cells have a perinuclear dot, Colgi-zone accentuation in addition to homogeneous cytoplasmic staining. 

H. Other considerations Interferon alfa-2a has been designated an orphan drug product for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi s sarcoma, renal cell carcinoma, metastatic malignant melanoma, and esophageal and colorectal cancer. 

The electroporation-mediated in vivo gene transfer had been successfully used for hepatic parenchyma (70, 71), hepatocellular carcinoma (72), skin (73,74), skeletal muscle (69, 75,761, mouse testes (77), melanoma (65), human primary myoblast (78), glomeruli (79), brain (80), human primary hematopoietic stem cells (81), human esophageal tumor (82), and rat skeletal muscle for correcting anemia of renal failure (83). 

Brain tumors Carcinoid tumors Chronic lymphocytic leukemia Colorectal cancer Esophageal cancer Head and neck cancers Kaposi s sarcoma Metastatic melanoma Mycosis fungoides Non-small-cell lung cancer Ovarian cancer ... 

Ovarian cancer bladder cancer testicular cancer cervical cancer NSCLC SCLC esophageal and head and neck cancers NHL sarcomas melanoma endometrial cancer gastric cancer... 

Colon Cancer Breast Cancer Lung Cancer Ovarian Cancer Prostate Cancer Kidney Cancer Brain Cancer Thyroid Cancer Liver Cancer Pancreatic Cancer Esophageal Cancer Cervical Cancer Oral Cancer Melanoma Leukemia... 

CCR7 expression was positively correlated with regional LN metastasis in T1 breast cancer [21], cervical cancer [22], melanoma [23], colorectal carcinoma [24], gastric carcinoma [25, 26], oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma [27], squamous cell carcinoma of tonsil [28], esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [29], squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) [30], thyroid carcinoma [31], nonsmall cell lung cancer [32], hepatocellular cancer [33], prostate cancer [34], adult T-cell leukemia [35], and chronic lymphocytic leukemia [36, 37]. 

Advanced colorectal cancer and esophageal carcinoma Metastatic malignant melanoma and renal-cell carcinoma... 

Given the vast number of cell types present in the esophagus, a variety of tumors can arise. Spindle cell carcinoma, small-cell carcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, Kaposi s sarcoma, and malignant melanoma comprise rare malignant esophageal tumors. The vast majority of primary malignant tumors of the esophagus, however, include squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinomas. 

Melanoma associated antigen (MAGE-1, -2, -3) (Boon and van der Bruggen 1996) NY-ESO-1 = LAGE-1 (esophageal cancer, ovarian cancer) (Odunsi et al. 2003 Jager et al.l999)... 

Many researchers have conducted in vitro studies on the potential anticancer activity of flavones and flavonols in diverse cell systems. An array of 55 flavones having a variety of substituents was evaluated by Cushman and Nagarathnam for cytotoxicity in five cancer cell cultures, A-549 lung carcinoma, MCF-7 breast carcinoma, HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma, SKMEL-5 melanoma, and MLM melanoma [151]. Other reports also revealed that flavones and flavonols exhibited cytotoxicity in vitro to many human cell lines, including esophageal cancer cells [152, 153], colon cancer cells [154, 155], hepatoma cells [156, 157], prostate carcinoma cells [158, 159], and cervical carcinoma cells [160, 161],... 

In this context, brain cancers (e.g., glioblastoma), esophageal cancers, melanomas, pancreatic cancers, ovarian cancers, and non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) are, among others, the cancers associated with the worst outcomes because of their ability to resist most of the standard therapies. 

In clinical practice, FDG PET is currently used with a variety of human cancers such as nonsmaU cell lung cancers, colorectal, esophageal, breast, and thyroid carcinomas, melanomas, lymphomas, head and neck cancers, and other tumors (38). 

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