Carcinoma thyroid

Mast cell or basophil leukemia Carcinoid syndrome Thyroid carcinoma Pheochromocytoma... 

The growth and spread of thyroid carcinoma are stimulated by TSH. An important component of thyroid carcinoma management is the use of LT4 to suppress TSH secretion. Early in therapy, patients receive the lowest LT4 dose sufficient to fully suppress TSH to undetectable levels. Controlled trials show that suppressive LT4 therapy reduces tumor growth and improves survival. 

Lahr G, Sticha M, Schtitzea K, et al. Diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma is facilitated by using an RT-PCR approach on laser-microdissected archival material to detect RET oncogene activation. Pathobiology 2000 68 218-226. 

Holm R, Farrants GW, Nesland JM, et al. Ultrastructural and electron immunohistochemical features of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Virchows Arch. A Pathol. Anat. Histopathol. 1989 414 375-384. 

Figure 4. Gamma camera image of a patient with medullary thyroid carcinoma showing selective uptake of Re-186-DMSA in a tumor at the base of the neck (taken 24 h after injection).

Hypothyroidism commonly occurs months to years after RAI. The acute, short-term side effects include mild thyroidal tenderness and dysphagia. Long-term follow-up has not revealed an increased risk for development of thyroid carcinoma, leukemia, or congenital defects. 

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) Alzheimer s disease (AD) Hemodialysis-related amyloidosis Primary systemic amyloidosis Secondary systemic amyloidosis Familial amyloid polyneuropathy I Familial amyloid polyneuropathy III Cerebral amyloid angiopathy Finnish hereditary systemic amyloidosis Type II diabetes Injection-localized amyloidosis Medullary thyroid carcinoma Atrial amyloidosis... 

Several inherited cancer syndromes are also known to result from mutations in proto-oncogenes. An example is given by the RET proto-oncogene. Depending on the type of mutation and on which part of the gene is affected, RET mutations can lead to multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A or 2B or familial medullary thyroid carcinoma. These familial cancers are inherited in autosomal dominant fashion. A second example is the CDK4 proto-oncogene, which when mutated can cause familial melanoma. 

CCK receptors SCLC, pancreatic cancers, neuroblastomas, meningiomas, medullary thyroid carcinomas... 

Hatada S, Sakanoue Y, Kusunoki M, Kobayashi A, Utsunomiya ] (1992) Protein kinase C activity in human thyroid carcinoma and adenoma. Cancer 70 2918-2922... 

Surgery is usually a near-total thyroidectomy, with main indications being suspected coexistent thyroid carcinoma, solitary toxic nodule, large goiter, failed medical treatment, patient preference and occasionally in pregnancy if adverse effects from antithyroid dmgs occur. 

The TSH-suppressive effects of exogenous T4 also prove useful in removing the stimulatory effects of TSH on the thyroid gland in the management of simple nonendemic goiter, chronic thyroiditis, and TSH-dependent thyroid carcinoma. 

D) This may be a thyroid carcinoma that is anterior in the thyroid and therefore not picked up by the scan. She should have thyroglobulin level measurement and ultrasound of the thyroid. 

According to Langsteger et al. [ F]-fluoride seems to better visualize bone metastases in [ F]-FDG negative tumors, such as renal cell and thyroid carcinoma and in [ F]-FDG avid tumors under therapy [196]. 

In 11 patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma Hoegerle et al. compared [i F]-DOPA-PET with [ F]FDG-PET, SRS and conventional imaging [220]. A total of 27 tumors were studied and the corresponding sensitivities were 63% for p F]DOPA-PET, 44% for p8F]-FDG-PET, 52% for SRS and 81% for conventional imaging. With respect to lymph node staging, the best results were obtained with [ F]DOPA-PET. 

S. Hoegerle, C. Altehoefer, N. Ghanem, I. Brink, E. Moser, E. Nitzsche, F-DOPA positron emission tomography for tumor detection in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma and elevated calcitonin levels, Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 28(1) (2001) 64-71. 

Adverse reactions include hypothyroidism, thyroid carcinoma, damage to foetal thyroid and possibility of genetic damage, so contraindicated during pregnancy. 

He H, Jazdzewski K, Li W et al. The role of microRNA genes in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005 102 19075-19080. 

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH thyrotropin) In patients who have been treated surgically for thyroid carcinoma, to test for recurrence by assessing TSH-stimulated whole-body 131I scans and serum thyroglobulin determinations... 

Thyroid scans with 1l]I are useful in determining the activity of thyroid nodules in the intact thyroid gland. A nonradioactive, cold nodule indicates a higher risk of thyroid carcinoma, but the scan alone is not recommended as a technique of selecting patients for surgery. After removal of a thyroid carcinoma, a scan of the neck may demonstrate areas of increased activity in the cervical lymph nodes and other organs, indicating metastatic disease. 

In 71 patients given 131I for differentiated thyroid carcinoma, salivary gland swelling with pain occurred in 50% (7) women had a significantly higher incidence than men. 

Kita T, Yokoyama K, Higuchi T, Kinuya S, Taki J, Nakajima K, Michigishi T, Tonami N. Multifactorial analysis on the short-term side effects occurring within 96 hours after radioiodine-131 therapy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Ann Nucl Med 2004 18(4) 345-9. 

Handelsman DJ, Conway AJ, Donnelly PE, Turtle JR. Azoospermia after iodine-131 treatment for thyroid carcinoma. BMJ 1980 281(6254) 1527. 

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