Equipment Heat pipe reactor

Viscosity relates to the internal friction within the fluid which is caused by intermolecular interactions and is therefore important in all physical processes which involve the movement of the fluid or components dissolved within it. Therefore the design of liquid-liquid extractors, distillation columns, heat-transfer equipment, process piping, reactors, and other units found in various chemical and pharmaceutical industries requires the knowledge of the viscosity of fluids and their mixtures. 

Wastage is pronounced in equipment contacting high-pH fluids. Chemical process equipment, heat exchangers, water-cooled process reactors, valving, transfer pipes, and heating and cooling systems are often affected. 

Some important factors regarding a safe plant can be better understood if the reader is familiar with such process equipment as reactors (Section 5.2), mass transfer units (Section 5.3), heat exchanges (Section 5.4), ancillary equipment (Section 5.5), environmental equipment (Section 5.6), and utilities (Section 5.7). Protective equipment is reviewed in Section 5.8. Process diagrams, which illustrate the various possible arrangements of plant equipment, valves, piping, and control systems, are presented in Section 5.9. Plant siting and layout are discussed in Section 5.10 - this last section illustrates the factors that can contribute to proper plant operation. 

The mechanical integrity focus of this section covers stationary existing chemical processing plant equipment and piping. Equipment includes storage tanks, pressure vessels, dryers, heat exchangers, reactors, incinerators, columns, filters, knock-out pots, and so forth. As previously stated, this section assumes the equipment is designed and fabricated to... 

The total fixed capital investment (FCI) for the entire system taking all costs for heat-exchanger equipment, pumps, piping, installation, etc., into account is equal to the initial cost of the catalyst solution plus 4.5 times the purchased cost of the reactor. Assume none of the unreacted materials can be recovered. 

Equipment failures that can occur in a process plant may be described within the major equipment categories of reactors, heat exchangers, vessels, mass transfer unit operations, pipes and valves, and pumps. The failures associated with these categories are discussed below ... 

Small tubes are commonly employed where the reaction is rapid and/or the heat of reaction must be removed rapidly. The two conventional types of tubular reactors are (1) coils immersed in a constant-temperature bath and (2) a jacketed pipeline in which the inner tube is designed to withstand the reaction pressure. A modification of the conventional jacketed-pipe reactor can be used where it is desirable to minimize the thickness of the inner tube in order to reduce the area required for heat transfer. An example of this type of equipment is the liquid-phase heat exchanger of the Bureau of Mines, in which the outside pipe has an outside diameter of 4 2 ill- wall thickness of 1.005 in. The outside diameter of the inner tube is in., but the wall thickness is only 0.16 in. The worldng... 

A feasibility scoping study enabled by process simulation is the preliminary evaluation of improvement ideas in the context of overall process with the main objectives to perform cost and benefit analysis and determine if major equipment can accommodate the improvement ideas. The major equipment includes furnaces, reactors, main fractionators and separators, compressors, special pumps, and major heat exchangers. Usually, the scoping study is not concerned with relative ancillary equipment such as receivers, drums, heat exchangers, pumps, piping, instruments, relief valves, and so on. 

Vessel volume. The larger core (see earlier) is possible because S-PRISM includes SNF storage and the intermediate heat exchangers in the reactor vessel while these are moved out of the vessel in the AHTR design. Equipment size. Pipes, pumps, and valves are similar in size because the volumetric heat capacity of molten salts is several times greater than sodium. Volumetric heat capacity sizes much of the equipment. 

The process equipment must be made of the most corrosion-resistant materials, such as zirconium and its alloys. Zr 702 and Zr 705 are often used to construct process equipment, such as reactors, columns, heat exchangers, pumps, valves, piping systems, trays, and packing. In recent years, zirconium has been replacing stainless alloys after their failures in acetic acid service. ° Zirconium could be the most cost-effective structural material when all issues, such as process efficiency, product yield and quality, safety, maintenance and replacement costs, toxicity, and environmental protection are considered. 

The accelerated heat pipe life test project was cancelled due to a shift in program direction with the selection of a gas cooled reactor concept to support nuclear electric propulsion. During execution of the project, a heat pipe design was established, a majority of the laboratory test equipment systems were specified, and operating and test procedures were developed. Procurements for the heat pipe units and all major test components were undenway at the time the stop work order was issued No technical Issues had been identified which would have prevented testing as planned. The final MSFC close-out report is provided in Reference 13-16... 

If the heating coil pipe shears accidently, the reactor vessel will be exposed to the full 125-psig pressure of the steam, exceeding the vessel s pressure rating. As a result, the reactor must be equipped with a relief system to discharge the steam in the event of a coil shear. Compute the maximum mass flow rate of steam from the sheared coils using two approaches ... 

In this approach accident cases and design recommendations can be analysed level by level. In the database the knowledge of known processes is divided into categories of process, subprocess, system, subsystem, equipment and detail (Fig. 6). Process is an independent processing unit (e.g. hydrogenation unit). Subprocess is an independent part of a process such as reactor or separation section. System is an independent part of a subprocess such as a distillation column with its all auxiliary systems. Subsystem is a functional part of a system such as a reactor heat recovery system or a column overhead system including their control systems. Equipment is an unit operation or an unit process such as a heat exchanger, a reactor or a distillation column. Detail is an item in a pipe or a piece of equipment (e.g. a tray in a column, a control valve in a pipe). 

For continuous processes the catalytic reactor, or a hybrid process if satisfactory chemical dosing equipment is already installed, appear to be a near-optimum solution still for many installations. At moderate hypochlorite concentrations, economic benefit does accrue from using the catalyst in-loop rather than end-of-pipe, but these benefits may be offset by any required investment in heat-exchange capability. At concentrations above 10 wt% the integration of decomposition into the scrubbing process is beneficial to the overall cost base of hypochlorite treatment. 

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