Epoxy styrene

Trifluoromethanesultbnic acid Trifluoro-methanesulphonic acid. Catalyst and reactant increasing yields in polymerization of epoxies, styrenes, THF, in alkylation and acylation reactions improves octane rating used with nitric acid for higher yields of pharmaceuticals, explosives, dyes, and intermediates. Liquid mp = -40" bp = 162" d = 1.6960.3M Lancaster Synthesis Co. 

The conformations of oxirans may be determined by studying dipole moments. For a number of substituted epoxy-styrenes, conjugation between the aromatic and oxiran rings is unimportant and, in the absence of steric or electrostatic hindrance, internal rotation is possible. Only one conformer is observed for (88 R = Me) and for (88 R = Ph) the carbonyl group is rotated some 40° out of the plane of the oxiran ring, with the oxygen atoms facing away from each other. 

In the case of the epoxy-acrylic graft copolymer, the epoxy is not soluble in the monomer mixture, even as low as a 10% solution. However, the epoxy resin being the majority component acts as the continuous phase. The purpose of the graft epoxy-styrene-methacrylic acid copolymer is to lower the barrier at the interface so that a stable oil-in-oil emulsion is first obtained and upon neutralization with a tertiary amine, dimethyl ethanol amine, a stable oil-in-oil emulsion in water is then obtained. 

Uses Chemical synthesis intermediates esterification/alkylation/ hydroisomerization/acylation catalyst reactant polymerization of epoxies, styrenes, and THF petroleum refining explosives dyes paints electrolytes formation of biaryls foods (catalyst in prod, of cocoa butter substitute from palm oiO catalyst for pharmaceuticals Reguiatoty FDA 21CFR 173.395... 

Other applications of NMR resonance spectroscopy include styrene - methacrylate [68], propylene - isobutylene [69,73], ethylene-l-hexane [71], ethylene - vinyl acetate [72], and epoxy styrene [70]. 

Prolonged exposure to a number of the controlled substances (and, of course, other toxic materials) may occur in the laboratory, workshop or elsewhere. Styrene, glass fibre, isocyanates and chlorinated solvents are amongst the substances most frequently used in conservation workshops. Exposures to levels above the control limit can occur where there is insufficient containment. In the laboratory or workshop the use of local exhaust ventilation or a fume cupboard will reduce the risk, but outside the laboratory, however, the use of polyurethane foam, epoxies, styrene and fibreglass may lead to problems. 

Let us consider the polymer-polymer system in whidi a stiffer polymer is the filler and the matrix is more flexible. The woric (80) dealt with tlK relaxation processes in the boundary layer of an acrylato-epoxy-styrene composition, and of the epoxy resin on the surface of particles of a styrene copolymer with methylmethacrylate. In this case a reduction of segmental mobility may be observed on the polymer surface, since the relaxation process idiifts toward higher temperatures. The process of relaxation copolymer segments shifts toward lower tem ratures, which implies an increased mobility of the polymeric filler motecules. An analogous picture was noted in the research of those tems by the NMR methol. The findings indicate that the more flexible competent in the polymer-polymer stem stiffens, whereas the stiffer one softens. 

Benzene, toluene, and xylene are made mosdy from catalytic reforming of naphthas with units similar to those already discussed. As a gross mixture, these aromatics are the backbone of gasoline blending for high octane numbers. However, there are many chemicals derived from these same aromatics thus many aromatic petrochemicals have their beginning by selective extraction from naphtha or gas—oil reformate. Benzene and cyclohexane are responsible for products such as nylon and polyester fibers, polystyrene, epoxy resins (qv), phenolic resins (qv), and polyurethanes (see Fibers Styrene plastics Urethane POLYiffiRs). 

Methacrylate monomers are most effective with derivatives of bisphenol A epoxy dimethacrylates, in which the methacrylate—methacrylate cross-linking reaction proceeds at a much faster pace than with styrene monomer. This proves beneficial in some fabrication processes requiring faster cure, such as pultmsion and resin-transfer mol ding (RTM). 

The majority of 2-methylphenol is used in the production of novolak phenoHc resins. High purity novolaks based on 2-methylphenol are used in photoresist appHcations (37). Novolaks based on 2-methylphenol are also epoxidized with epichlorohydrin, yielding epoxy resins after dehydrohalogenation, which are used as encapsulating resins in the electronics industry. Other uses of 2-methylphenol include its conversion to a dinitro compound, 4,6-dinitro-2-methylphenol [534-52-1] (DNOC), which is used as a herbicide (38). DNOC is also used to a limited extent as a polymerization inhibitor in the production of styrene, but this use is expected to decline because of concerns about the toxicity of the dinitro derivative. 

Some commercial durable antistatic finishes have been Hsted in Table 3 (98). Early patents suggest that amino resins (qv) can impart both antisHp and antistatic properties to nylon, acryUc, and polyester fabrics. CycHc polyurethanes, water-soluble amine salts cross-linked with styrene, and water-soluble amine salts of sulfonated polystyrene have been claimed to confer durable antistatic protection. Later patents included dibydroxyethyl sulfone [2580-77-0] hydroxyalkylated cellulose or starch, poly(vinyl alcohol) [9002-86-2] cross-linked with dimethylolethylene urea, chlorotria2ine derivatives, and epoxy-based products. Other patents claim the use of various acryUc polymers and copolymers. Essentially, durable antistats are polyelectrolytes, and the majority of usehil products involve variations of cross-linked polyamines containing polyethoxy segments (92,99—101). 

Another important use of BCl is as a Ftiedel-Crafts catalyst ia various polymerisation, alkylation, and acylation reactions, and ia other organic syntheses (see Friedel-Crafts reaction). Examples include conversion of cyclophosphasenes to polymers (81,82) polymerisation of olefins such as ethylene (75,83—88) graft polymerisation of vinyl chloride and isobutylene (89) stereospecific polymerisation of propylene (90) copolymerisation of isobutylene and styrene (91,92), and other unsaturated aromatics with maleic anhydride (93) polymerisation of norhornene (94), butadiene (95) preparation of electrically conducting epoxy resins (96), and polymers containing B and N (97) and selective demethylation of methoxy groups ortho to OH groups (98). 

The thermoplastic or thermoset nature of the resin in the colorant—resin matrix is also important. For thermoplastics, the polymerisation reaction is completed, the materials are processed at or close to their melting points, and scrap may be reground and remolded, eg, polyethylene, propjiene, poly(vinyl chloride), acetal resins (qv), acryhcs, ABS, nylons, ceUulosics, and polystyrene (see Olefin polymers Vinyl polymers Acrylic ester polymers Polyamides Cellulose ESTERS Styrene polymers). In the case of thermoset resins, the chemical reaction is only partially complete when the colorants are added and is concluded when the resin is molded. The result is a nonmeltable cross-linked resin that caimot be reworked, eg, epoxy resins (qv), urea—formaldehyde, melamine—formaldehyde, phenoHcs, and thermoset polyesters (qv) (see Amino resins and plastics Phenolic resins). 

A waterborne system for container coatings was developed based on a graft copolymerization of an advanced epoxy resin and an acryHc (52). The acryhc-vinyl monomers are grafted onto preformed epoxy resins in the presence of a free-radical initiator grafting occurs mainly at the methylene group of the aHphatic backbone on the epoxy resin. The polymeric product is a mixture of methacrylic acid—styrene copolymer, soHd epoxy resin, and graft copolymer of the unsaturated monomers onto the epoxy resin backbone. It is dispersible in water upon neutralization with an amine before cure with an amino—formaldehyde resin. 

The alkyd resins are of value because of their comparatively low cost, durability, flexibility, gloss retention and reasonable heat resistance. Alkyd resins modified with rosin, phenolic resin, epoxy resins and monomers such as styrene are of current commercial importance. 

Dimensional stability There is plastics with very good dimensional stability, and they are suitable where some age and environmental dimensional changes are permissible. These materials include polyphenylene oxide, polysulfone, phenoxy, mineral-filled phenolic, diallyl phthalate, epoxy, rigid vinyl, styrene, and various RPs. Such products will gain from an after-bake for dimensional stabilization. Glass fillers will improve the dimensional stability of all plastics. 

Enamels. The flexibility grades for the eight enamels (Table I) that were irradiated with 3-4 Mrad and 6-7.5 Mrad at 5, —30, and —90°C are shown in Table II. These data indicate that the epoxy-based enamels showed the best initial flexibility at — 90 °C and maintained their flexibility after irradiation. The preferred enamels were the epoxy phenolic with aluminum pigment, epoxy-wax and butadiene-styrene copolymer with aluminum pigment, and epoxy-wax with aluminum pigment. Tinplate adhesion before and after irradiation was satisfactory for the eight enamels. 

Optically pure (S)-benzyl methyl sulfoxide 139 can be converted to the corresponding a-lithio-derivative, which upon reaction with acetone gave a diastereomeric mixture (15 1) of the /S-hydroxysulfoxide 140. This addition reaction gave preferentially the product in which the configuration of the original carbanion is maintained. By this reaction, an optically active epoxy compound 142 was prepared from the cyclohexanone adduct 141181. Johnson and Schroeck188,189 succeeded in obtaining optically active styrene oxide by recrystallization of the condensation product of (+ )-(S)-n-butyl methyl sulfoxide 143 with benzaldehyde. 

---