Epidemic

Before the era of modem warfare, it has always been taken for granted that during a war epidemic disease caused more deaths among the soldiers and civilians than the use of weapons. It took the atomic bomb, deployed in a ruthless and criminal manner by the United States against unarmed people and in contravention of international law, to change this assumption. 

The epidemic most feared in World War I at the eastern front was typhus.98 Typhus epidemics claimed uncounted thousands of lives among German soldiers at the Russian front and could be prevented from spreading into German territory after the end of the war only by the most rigorous of measures. Since that time, the danger of epidemics has been taken seriously by medical and military offices and personnel.99 

For example, the German encyclopedia Der grofie Brockhaus, vol. VI of the 1930 Leipzig edition, contains a comprehensive article on epidemic typhus. This acute infectious disease is spread only by the body louse 100 

Epidemic typhus occurs chiefly where unfavorable social and sanitary conditions prevail in dank overcrowded living quarters, hospitals, 

97 The following remarks are largely based on H. J. Nowak s study, Shortwave Delousing Facilities in Auschwitz , in E. Gauss (ed.), op. cit. (note 43), pp. 312-324 (online www.vho.org/GB/Books/dth/fndNowak.html). 

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The scope of tire following article is to survey the physical and chemical properties of tire tliird modification of carbon, namely [60]fullerene and its higher analogues. The entluisiasm tliat was triggered by tliese spherical carbon allotropes resulted in an epidemic-like number of publications in tire early to mid-1990s. In more recent years tire field of fullerene chemistry is, however, dominated by tire organic functionalization of tire highly reactive fullerene... 

Beriberi, Thiamine Deficiency. The recognition of vitamins and their importance to the health of human beings came about when Eijkman, a Dutch pathologist, was sent to Java in an attempt to cure an epidemic of beriberi that had appeared in one of the hospitals. Eijkman kept a flock of chickens on the hospital grounds to assist in discovering the disease agent he assumed was involved in the etiology of beriberi. These chickens were fed the scraps from the plates of the hospital patients—primarily poHshed rice, the common food in that part of the world (11). 

During the early 1900s, vaccines against major human epidemic diseases such as pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, and tuberculosis were developed. Vaccines for many animal diseases were also available. In the early 1950s, the development of cell culture techniques byj. E. Enders at Harvard was followed by another series of major advances in vaccine development. Vaccines against poHo, mumps, measles, and mbeUa were Hcensed during the 1960s. 

The first clues to the treatment of scurvy occurred in 1535—1536 when Jacques Cartier, on advice from Newfoundland Indians, fed his crew an extract from spmce tree needles to cure an epidemic. Various physicians were recommending the use of citms fmits to cure scurvy in the mid-sixteenth century. Two hundred years later, in 1753, it was proved by Dr. James Lind, in his famous clinical experiment, that scurvy was associated with diet and caused by lack of fresh vegetables. He also demonstrated that oranges and lemons were the most effective cure against this disease. In 1753, inM Treatise on the Scurvy[ Lind pubhshed his results and recommendations (7). Eorty-two years later, in 1795, the British Navy included lemon juice in seamen s diets, resulting in the familiar nickname "limeys" for British seamen. Evidence has shown that even with undefined scorbutic symptoms, vitamin C levels can be low, and can cause marked diminution in resistance to infections and slow healing of wounds. 

Investigate complaints, especially if there are pockets of complaints, or epidemics with related symptoms. 

Bacteria are smaller than protozoa and are responsible for many diseases, such as typhoid fever, cholera, diarrhea, and dysentery. Pathogenic bacteria range in size from 0.2 to 0.6 /tm, and a 0.2 /tm filter is necessary to prevent transmission. Contamination of water supplies by bacteria is blamed for the cholera epidemics, which devastate undeveloped countries from time to time. Even in the U.S., E. coli is frequently found to contaminated water supplies. Fortunately, E. coli is relatively harmless as pathogens go, and the problem isn t so much with E. coli found, but the fear that other bacteria may have contaminated the water as well. Never the less, dehydration from diarrhea caused by E. coli has resulted in fatalities. 

Very little is known of the epidemiology of waterborne diseases. The current database is insufficient to determine the scope and intensity of the problem. The devastating effect of epidemics is sufficient to rank water-associated epidemics as a most important public health problem. 

Several incidents have occurred because similar names were confused. The famous case involving Nutrimaster (a food additive for animals) and Firemaster (a fire retardant) is w ell known. The two materials were supplied in similar bags. A bag of Firemaster, delivered instead of Nutrimaster, was mixed into animal feeding stuffs, causing an epidemic of illness among the fami animals. Farmers and their families were also affected [3]. 

Another approach, useful for the study of the first-order IPT, is to perform an epidemic analysis [32-34]. Starting from a (small) empty hole on... 

An epidemic analysis of the MM model reveals that the number of empty sites (and the rate of AB production) decays according to Eq. (7) with... 

C. A. Voigt, R. M. Zilf. Epidemic analysis of the second-order transition in the Zilf Gulari Barshad surface-reaction model. Phys Rev. E 56 R6241-R6244, 1997. 

Land-, land, coimtry, rural, farm, agricultoral, provincial Med.) epidemic, also endemic, -bau, m. agriculture, farming. 

Land-gut, n. estate, -karte,/. map. -krank-heit,/. epidemic or endemic disease, land-kundig, a. notorious, -laufig, a. customary, current. 

Land-mann, m. farmer, countryman, -messer, m. surveyor, -polizei,/. rural police, -schaft, /. province, district, state landscape, -see, m. lake, -seuche, /. epidemic, -stadt, /. inland town, country town, -strasse, /. highway, road, -strich, m. district climate. -Sturm, m. general levy (of troops), reserves, -tag, m. diet, legislature, -ung, /. landing, -vogt, m. governor, landw., abbret. of landwirtschaftlich. Land-wehr, /. first home reserve, militia. 

Setz-fehler, m. compositor s error, -kasten, m. settling tank type case, -phiole, /. (flat bottomed) vial, -fiieb, n. jig(ging) screen, jig(ging) sieve, -zapfcn, m. suppository. Seuche, /. contagious or infectious disease, pestilence, epidemic. 

Yach D, Stuckler D, Brownell KD (2006) Epidemiologic and economic consequences of the global epidemics of obesity and diabetes. Nat Med 12 62-66... 

Hofbauer KG, Nicholson JR, Boss O (2007). The obesity epidemic current and future pharmacological treatments. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 47 565-592... 

Influenza is an acute viral disease caused by Influenza A (sporadic, epidemic, and pandemic) or B (sporadic outbreaks) virus. Symptoms typically occur suddenly and include high fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, sore throat, and malaise. Serious complications can be caused by bacterial superinfection of the respiratory tract. 

Immunization against cholera in individuals traveling to or living in countries where cholera is endemic or epidemic... 

There are some descriptions of water-borne outbreaks, or even small epidemics of acute gastroenteritis (diarrhoea), cholera and hepatitis E associated with catastrophic floods that occurred in developing countries, such as Sudan [34, 35], Nicaragua [36], Mozambique [37] and West Bengal [37]. On the contrary, no changes in the base-line outbreak incidence have been reported in developed countries after major floods [37, 38]. When infrastructures and water management are adequate, outbreaks of faecal-oral water-borne infectious diseases do not follow flood events, even in the case where water flooding has compromised the security of water facilities [37]. 

Arias C, Sala MR, Dominguez A et al (2006) Waterborne epidemic outbreak of Shigella sonnei gastroenteritis in Santa Maria de Palautordera, Catalonia, Spain. Epidemiol Infect 134 598-604... 

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