British navy

In this period, the empirical healing of certain diseases by foods was estabUshed. Examples (3) were the treatment of night blindness (vitamin A deficiency) with hver ia many cultures over centuries, of beriberi (vitamin deficiency) by use of unpoHshed rice by the Japanese navy, of scurvy (vitamin C deficiency) by citms fmits ia the British navy or piae needle extracts by North American natives, and pellagra (niacia deficiency) by a dietary shift away from corn-based foods ia many countries. Other, nondietary empirical treatments iavolved, eg, exposure of children ia northern latitudes to sunlight to cute tickets (vitamin D deficiency) (4). 

The first clues to the treatment of scurvy occurred in 1535—1536 when Jacques Cartier, on advice from Newfoundland Indians, fed his crew an extract from spmce tree needles to cure an epidemic. Various physicians were recommending the use of citms fmits to cure scurvy in the mid-sixteenth century. Two hundred years later, in 1753, it was proved by Dr. James Lind, in his famous clinical experiment, that scurvy was associated with diet and caused by lack of fresh vegetables. He also demonstrated that oranges and lemons were the most effective cure against this disease. In 1753, inM Treatise on the Scurvy[ Lind pubhshed his results and recommendations (7). Eorty-two years later, in 1795, the British Navy included lemon juice in seamen s diets, resulting in the familiar nickname "limeys" for British seamen. Evidence has shown that even with undefined scorbutic symptoms, vitamin C levels can be low, and can cause marked diminution in resistance to infections and slow healing of wounds. 

Scotch marine boilers (SM boilers) derive their name from the Scottish shipyards that built marine vessels for the British Navy. They were the first design of FT boiler to incorporate both furnace tubes and fire tubes inside the shell and replaced the brick-set boilers that used to burn through the bottoms of ships. The SM boiler was a particularly versatile design and quickly became the boiler of choice for many stationary (land) applications as well as for marine duty. Land-based SM boilers (now commonly called Scotch boilers) were not simply marine boilers adapted for stationary duty but incorporated specific design modifications to meet the requirements of land-based industry. 

Bosch also helped develop Haber s process into an industrial process. In 1913, Haber and Bosch opened an ammonia manufacturing plant in Germany. A year later, World War I started. Saltpeter had another use besides making fertilizer. It was also necessary to make nitric acid that was used to make explosives. When the war started, the British Navy quickly cut off Germany s supply of Chilean saltpeter. If not for the Haber process, some historians estimate that Germany would have run out of nitrates to make explosives by 1916. The war lasted another two years, however, because Germany did not need to rely on outside sources of nitrates for fertilizers or explosives. 

This of course goes a long way to explaining the association of scurvy with vitamin C deficiency, and the successful utilization by the British navy of lime juice as a means of prevention of the disease - hence the expression limey for British sailors. 

Soddy was fond of this rhetorical flourish and frequently advanced his own figures about radium/coal equivalents. Weart notes that Crookes claimed in 1903 the energy locked within one gram of radium, he calculated, could hoist the entire [British Navy] fleet several thousand feet into the air (Weart 1988, 25). 

It was around this time that Priestley discovered soda water. Fixed air (carbon dioxide) had long been known to chemists, and Priestley had experimented with it a little. One day he had the idea of trying to dissolve the carbon dioxide in water. He succeeded and found that the water fizzed. Priestley gave some of the soda water to friends and then went on to other kinds of research. Some years later the British Navy expressed interest in the use of Priestley s sparkling water as a remedy for scurvy, but naturally it was unsuccessful. However, soda water quickly became popular in other circles, even earning praise from Lord Byron, who wrote the following stanza on the back of the manuscript of his poem Don Juan ... 

The knowledge of some vitamins reaches back into folk medicine North American aboriginal peoples treated scurvy (later recognized as vitamin C deficiency) with cedar leaf tea (Thuja), and, from the seventeenth century on, the British Navy issued lime... 

W. Sloane, NY (1957) (Story of the developments by the British Navy of some special weapons and devices)... 

Accdg to Davis (Ref 4, p 401) and Perez Ara (Ref 4, p 567), Cornelius Drebbel, die Dutch inventor and chemist of the 17th century, while being in the service of British Navy, devoted considerable time to the prepn of FG and used his material as a detonator in petards and torpedoes used in the English expedition of 1628 against the French port of La Rochelle... 

P. P. O Brien, The titan refreshed imperial overstretch and the British navy before the First World War, Past and Present, 172 (2001), 145—69. 

Most of the turbines you will encounter in your work are called topping, or extraction, turbines. The idea of such a turbine is to extract much of the potential work from the motive steam, and then use the exhaust steam to reboil towers. Typically, the energy content of the exhaust steam is only 10 to 20 percent less than that of the motive steam. That is the calculation we just did with the Mollier diagram. The rest of the energy of the steam may then be used as the steam condensers, to reboil towers. This sounds pretty efficient. It is the basis for the new cogeneration projects you may have heard about. Of course, this system was used by the British Navy in the nineteenth century. 

There is another problem with the barometric condenser that did not become apparent at first. When the British Navy decided to convert from sail to steam, this problem was immediately obvious. While steam can be generated from seawater, it is far better to use freshwater, especially if one wishes to generate high-temperature, high-pressure steam. And as freshwater supplies are limited at sea, it would be great if the condensed steam could be recycled to the boilers. But the cooling-water supply to the barometric condensers was naturally seawater which mixed with the steam condensate. 

Sir Humphrey Davy, Phil. Trans. RoySoc. London 115 158 (1825). The first paper on cathodic protection (of British Navy ships). 

AO/FRS - scavenges DPPH, nitrite (NO -), OH, 02 02-, ONOO- regenerates a-Tocopherol from a-Tocopheryl radical antiageing nutriceutical vitamin C-deficiency disease scurvy cured by lime juice — found by Dr James Lind promoted by Captain James Cook in British navy (18th century) — hence limeys Dr Lind befriended poet Percy Shelley was thence the source for Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus by Mary Wollstonecrafi Shelley... 

British navy discovered that scurvy, a disease often suffered by sailors, could be prevented if the sailors regularly ate fresh limes (which are a good source of vitamin C) when aboard ship (hence the name limey for the British sailor). 

His Treatise of the Scurvy published in 1753 is the first example of a controlled clinical trial experiment. In his treatise, Lind gave a thorough review of other authors who had written on scurvy along with a careful clinical description of the condition. It was not until the end of the eighteenth century that the British navy finally had its sailors drink a daily portion of lime or lemon juice to prevent scurvy. 

Sir John Thornycroft and Sydney W. Bamaby, in 1894, were the first to describe the cavitation phenomenon. During trials of a new high-speed British Navy ship, they ascribed the strong vibrations found and the erosion observed in the propeller to strong turbulence leading to the formation of cavitational bubbles. Although the source of cavitation was turbulence, high-intensity ultrasound has similar effects. 

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