Typhoid epidemic

For the prevention of typhoid epidemics specific phages were also nsed with two tablets administered once every 5-7 days during the outbreak season [35, 36], Intestinal colonization and overgrowth with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in young hospitalized children was prevented successfully by phage administration [39],... 

Chlorine was first used to disinfect water in Britain in 1904, after a typhoid epidemic. (Typhoid is a water-borne, contagious illness that is caused by a species of Salmonella bacteria.) Strict limits are necessary because chlorine is ineffective when its concentration is less than 0.1 mg/L. It gives water an unpleasant taste at concentrations above 1.0 mg/L. Chlorine has a disadvantage, however. It can react with other chemicals in the water to form poisonous compounds, such as chloroform, CHCI3. These chemicals may remain in solution even after the entire treatment process. 

Bhagwan Shri Rajneesh Cult—Typhoid Epidemic Shigella Dysenteriae Type 2 Outbreak Hepatitis A Outbreak Ascaris Suum Outbreak... 

Bhagwan Shri Rajneesh Cult— Typhoid Epidemic... 

Gioacchino Taddei (Fig. 3.4) was bom in San Miniato on 30 March 1792, but was orphaned at age 13. Thanks to a grant [7] he was able to study at the University of Pisa, from where he graduated in medicine in 1815. Due to a typhoid epidemic, he returned to practice medicine in his home town and remained there. 

Probably more than 50 % of the food eaten by people living in cities has been processed in some way or other. In general such people must take the foods provided by the food manufacturer, and the onus is initially on the food technologist to ensure the safety, wholesomeness and nutritive value of the foods. The consumer cannot assess such characteristics and he is completely in the hands of the manufacturer. Carelessness or ignorance can give rise to toxic hazards and to widespread poisoning within a community. As an example, some years ago a typhoid epidemic in Aberdeen was caused by an infected can of corned beef. After sterilisation by heat the can had been cooled in polluted water, which led to contamination of the contents by pathogenic bacteria. 

Bacteria are smaller than protozoa and are responsible for many diseases, such as typhoid fever, cholera, diarrhea, and dysentery. Pathogenic bacteria range in size from 0.2 to 0.6 /tm, and a 0.2 /tm filter is necessary to prevent transmission. Contamination of water supplies by bacteria is blamed for the cholera epidemics, which devastate undeveloped countries from time to time. Even in the U.S., E. coli is frequently found to contaminated water supplies. Fortunately, E. coli is relatively harmless as pathogens go, and the problem isn t so much with E. coli found, but the fear that other bacteria may have contaminated the water as well. Never the less, dehydration from diarrhea caused by E. coli has resulted in fatalities. 

Propagated outbreaks of infection relate to the direct transmission of an infective agent from a diseased individual to a healthy, susceptible one. Mechanisms of such transmission were described in Chapter 4 and include inhalation of infective aerosols (measles, mumps, diphtheria), direct physical contact (syphilis, herpes virus) and, where sanitation standards are poor, through the introduction of infected faecal material into drinking water (cholera, typhoid). The ease oftransmission, and hence the rate of onset of an epidemic (Fig. 16.3) relates not only to the susceptibility status, and general state of health of the individuals but also to the virulence properties of the organism, the route oftransmission, the duration of the infective period associated with the disease. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Dengue, measles, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, rubella, tick bite fever, epidemic typhus, Q fever, typhoid, malaria, trypanosomiasis, hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, herpes, and influenza. 

Bacteria in water are usually thought of in terms of human disease. Indeed, until quite late in the nineteenth century, disastrous outbreaks of waterborne diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid fever were common in the major cities of the world. The last outbreak of typhoid in the United Kingdom occurred in Croydon in 1937. Serious cholera epidemics still occur in some parts of the world one that began in Peru in 1991 spread to several countries in the Americas, causing 391,000 cases of illness and 4000 deaths that year. 

Otto Humm described in an recent article how typhoid fever, an epidemic which raged in many German concentration camps and claimed ten thousands of lives, leads to a psychotic behavior of the patient who has extremely terrible hallucinations. If not treated appropriately, these hallucinations may be believed by the recovered patient as real events.261... 

This country s earliest experience with biologies dates back to the infectious scourges of the late 1800s and early 1900s when epidemics of typhoid, yellow fever, smallpox, diphtheria, and tuberculosis were being battled by new advances in immunology. The discovery and development of vaccines and antitoxins led to the creation of a... 

Before the connection between disease and sewage-carried pathogens was recognized in the mid-18th century, disastrous epidemics were common. For example, typhoid fever and cholera killed... 

Compulsory (D, T, polio, HBV, typhoid) Recommended (polio, D, P, M, R, JE, and others for control of epidemics) All that are administered... 

The development of pharmaceutical legislation in Tunisia cannot be disassociated from the scientific, economic and social environments. In fact, since its independence in 1956, Tunisia has chosen national public industries in different sectors including medicinal products. Such a policy was fully justified since Tunisian s primary concern was to provide the local market with a range of basic medicinal products to face the prevailing epidemics (e.g., tuberculosis, typhoid fever and scabies) in addition to usual disccises. 

Staphylococcus food poisoning, 215-217 Sulfur mustard poisoning, 403-406 Tetrodotoxin poisoning, 414-417 Thallium poisoning, 418-421 Trichinellosis, 222-226 Trichothecene poisoning, 422-425 Typhoid fever, 232-236 Typhus - epidemic, 237-241 Typhus - murine, 242-245 Typhus - scrub, 246-249 Viral gastroenteritis, 254-256 West Nile fever, 261-265 Yellow fever, 270-273 Yersiniosis, 274-277... 

Tarr PE, Kuppens L, Jones TC, Ivanoff B, Aparin PG, Heymann DL (1999) Considerations regarding mass vaccination against typhoid fever as an adjunct to sanitation and public health measures potential use in an epidemic in Tajikistan. Am 1 Trop Med Hyg 61 163-170... 

The epidemics of typhoid fever, due to ingestion of polluted sea food, have in most instances been traced to shellfish- floated in polluted water, although there is also evidence that oysters and other shellfish, grown in polluted waters and directly consumed without transplanting for a time in pure waters, may be the source of typhoid infection. 

Trask reports that ice cream was considered as the disease carrier in 3 out of 179 epidemics of typhoid fever investigated. 

Buchan writing of epidemics in England describes four epidemics of typhoid fever, one of scarlet fever, three of ice cream poisoning and one of diarrhea as due to the eating of ice cream. 

As in many cities, the outbreak of typhoid fever and cholera, epidemics caused by contaminated drinking water, led to the erection of water treatment plants. 

Typhoid fever An epidemic enteric infection caused by Salmonella typhi, uncommon in areas with good sanitation. 

Immunitas originally referred to the freedom from taxes among ancient Romans. The medical concept of freedom from disease—immunity—was described by the Greek historian Thucydides, who in his description of the plague (actually probably a typhoid fever epidemic) in Athens in 430 b.c.e. noted that individuals who survived were never attacked twice. ... 

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