Surfaces, biological

P. Echlin, ed., Analysis of Organic and Biological Surfaces, Wiley, New York, 1984. C. S. Fadley, in Electron Spectroscopy, Theory, Techniques, and Applications, Vol. 2, C. R. Brundle and A. D. Baker, eds., Pergamon, New York, 1978. 

Biomedical. Heart-valve parts are fabricated from pyrolytic carbon, which is compatible with living tissue. Such parts are produced by high temperature pyrolysis of gases such as methane. Other potential biomedical apphcations are dental implants and other prostheses where a seal between the implant and the living biological surface is essential. Plasma and arc-wire sprayed coatings are used on prosthetic devices, eg, hip implants, to achieve better bone/tissue attachments (see Prosthetic and BiOLffiDiCALdevices). 

Studying phenomena at biological surfaces and interfaces that are important in the design of engineered systems. 

Analysis of Organic and Biological Surfaces. Edited by Patrick Echlin... 

Polyelectrolytes form the basis of those modern cements which are distinguished by their ability to adhere to reactive surfaces. At present the main use of such cements lies in the medical field, principally in dental surgery. They adhere permanently to biological surfaces where they have to withstand adverse conditions of wetness, chemical attack, the stress of biological activity, and chemical and biological changes within the substrate. Nevertheless, adhesive bonds are maintained. 

Nathan, C.F. (1987). Neutrophil activation on biological surfaces. Massive secretion of hydrogen peroxide in response to products of macrophages and lymphocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 80, 1550-1560. 

Vol. 66 Solid Phase Biochemistry Analytical and Synthetic Aspects. Edited by William H. Scouten Vol. 67 An Introduction to Photoelectron Spectroscopy. By Pradip K. Ghosh Vol. 68 Room Temperature Phosphorimetry for Chemical Analysis. By Tuan Vo-Dinh Vol. 69 Potentiometry and Potentiometric Titrations. By E. P. Serjeant Vol. 70 Design and Application of Process Analyzer Systems. By Paul E. Mix Vol. 71 Analysis of Organic and Biological Surfaces. Edited by Patrick Echlin Vol. 72 Small Bore Liquid Chromatography Columns Their Properties and Uses. Edited by Raymond P.W. Scott... 

Multilayer deposition of halloysite is possible not only on large solid surfaces but also on soft biological surfaces such as wood or cotton cellulose microfibers (Figure 14.18). This coating allows a drastic increase in the porosity of the fibers and materials made from them (paper and textile). 

Elbert DL, Herbert CB, Hubbell JA (1999) Thin polymer layers formed by polyelectrolyte multilayer techniques on biological surfaces. Langmuir 15 5355-5362... 

The behaviour of natural ligands has been discussed in Section 4.3.3. In addition to the direct effect of complexation that is related to a decrease in the free ion activity, it has been shown that some ligands, in particular the HS, can be sorbed directly to biological surfaces, in the presence or absence of the trace metal [228,229]. This result is likely due to the fact that HS and similar macromolecules contain hydrophobic moieties that facilitate their adsorption to the plasma membrane and cell wall [157,230,231]. Because adsorption is expected to occur primarily with sites that are independent of the transporters,... 

Figure 9. Schematic representation of concentration profiles at the biological surface in the case of a diffusion-limited uptake. Note that the ratio of bound metal to free metal is not drawn to scale in reality, the ratio at the biological surface is always larger than that in solution. The figure assumes that the total concentration of ligand is much greater than the total concentration of metal. For further details, refer to [142,331,333]...

Phase changes in natural waters are almost invariably initiated by heterogeneous solid substrates. Inorganic crystals, skeletal particles, clays, sand, biological surfaces can serve as suitable substrate. 

Dissolved iron(III) is (i) an intermediate of the oxidative hydrolysis of Fe(II), and (ii) results from the thermal non-reductive dissolution of iron(III)(hydr)oxides, a reaction that is catalyzed by iron(II) as discussed in Chapter 9. Hence, iron(II) formation in the photic zone may occur as an autocatalytic process (see Chapter 10.4). This is also true for the oxidation of iron(II). As has been discussed in Chapter 9.4, the oxidation of iron(II) by oxygen is greatly enhanced if the ferrous iron is adsorbed at a mineral (or biological) surface. Since mineral surfaces are formed via the oxidative hydrolysis of Fe(II), this reaction proceeds as an autocatalytic process (Sung and Morgan, 1980). Both the rate of photochemical iron(II) formation and the rate of oxidation of iron(II) are strongly pH-dependent the latter increases with... 

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