Environmental tobacco smoke ETS

A Canadian study examined activity patterns and exposure to ETS in non-smoking respondents relative to age, sex, socioeconomic 

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Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) mixture of smoke from the burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar and smoke exhaled by the smoker (also secondhand smoke or passive smoking). 

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is the diluted mixture of pollutants caused by smoking of tobacco and emitted into the indoor air by a smoker. Constituents of ETS include submicron-size particles composed of a large number of chemicals, plus a large number of gaseous pollutants. Fibers in indoor air include those of asbestos, and man-made mineral fibers such as fiberglass, and glass wool. 

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI), as pneumonia, is one of the biggest causes of death for young children in the Asian region. ARI is also responsible for more episodes of illness than any other disease, with the exception of diarrhoea, and it is well known that ARI is aggravated by exposure to pollutants and indoor environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). 

Chen Y, Pederson LL, Lefcoe NM. 1990. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and serum thiocyanate level in infants. Arch Environ Health 45(3) 163-167. 

Environmental tobacco smokes (ETS) tobacco smoke irritation to mucous membranes chronic and acutes pulmonary effects, cardiovascular effects carcinogenic. 

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless and odorless gas. It is an asphyxiant-causing agent. A concentration of 10% can cause unconsciousness and death from oxygen deficiency. The gas can be released from industrial studies [39], automobile exhaust, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), and inadequately vented fuel heating systems. It is heavy and accumulates at low levels in depressions and along the floor. 

The behavior and health effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) depends upon how certain compounds (e.g., PAHs, nicotine, carbazole) are distributed between the gas and the particulate phases. Using a desorption technique, Liang and Pankow (1996) have determined gas/ETS particle partition coefficients for a series... 

The National Cancer Institute (NCI) estimates that 3,000 lung cancer deaths and as many as 40,000 cardiac deaths per year among adult nonsmokers in the United States can be attributed to passive smoke or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). 

ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE (ETS) Also called passive or second hand smoke, ETS is the combination of the smoke arising from smoldering tobacco together with exhaled smoke and is responsible for extensive health problems in smokers and nonsmokers alike. 

In 1997, the Declaration of the Environment Leaders of the Eight on Children s Environmental Health acknowledged the special vulnerability of children and committed their countries to take action on several specific environmental health issues, such as chronic lead poisoning, microbiologically contaminated drinking-water, endocrine disrupting chemicals, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), and poor air quality. 

Nicotine has been measured in the hair of workers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), and a significantly greater level in the level of nicotine in the hair of non-smokers exposed to ETS in the workplace has been observed. However, cotinine (the primary metabolite of nicotine) is a preferred marker of exposure to ETS, particularly as measured in blood, saliva or urine, because up to 80% of a dose of nicotine is metabolically converted to cotinine. Cotinine metabolite has a half-life of 15-17 h, while nicotine has a much shorter half-life and has different clearance rates in smokers and nonsmokers. 

United States Environmental Protection Agency. Respiratory health effects of passive smoking (also known as exposure to secondhand smoke or environmental tobacco smoke ETS), EPA document number EPA/600/6-90/006F, 1992, http //cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm deid=2835... 

Nicotine in tobacco is metabolized to cotinine and urinary cotinine levels serve as indicators of the levels of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), also referred to as secondhand smoke. In a Swedish study, a relationship between increased urinary cotinine level and increased risk for SAB was demonstrated. I30l No specific chemical (s) were identified as the causative agent (s). 

Asthma is the most prevalent chronic disease affecting children worldwide and its prevalence has tripled in the last 30 years. Though a genetic predisposition is generally believed essential for asthma to ensue, environmental exposures to immunotoxins have been demonstrated to play a role in the induction of asthma. Two studies have shown that children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) have increased incidences of asthma. Young children (aged 2 months to 5 years) who are exposed to ETS are more than twice as likely to be sensitized and develop asthma than their cohorts who are not so exposed. I38,39 ... 

These techniques reduce a large number of indoor VOCs to a few factors that can account for most of the cumulative variance in the VOC data [54,81 ]. A factor loading matrix, which shows the correlation between the factors and the variables is often obtained. Edwards et al. [81] used this method to reduce 23 indoor VOCs in environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) free microenvironments to six factors and to apportion the most likely sources of the VOCs. A summary of the VOC classes loaded on each factor and the probable sources is presented in Table 5. It is, however, noteworthy that UNMIX and positive matrix factorisation, both of which are based on factor analysis and have been applied frequently to ambient air quality data [82], have not featured prominently in indoor VOC source apportionment reports. 

Fig. 4 Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) particle examined with an energy-dispersive X-ray analyser attached to a transmission electron microscope. The dominant element of the particle is carbon...

Environmental influences on asthma were recognised by Hippocrates more than 2,000 years ago. In the 19th century, known associations with asthma included the weather, air temperature, humidity, thunderstorms, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), fenny country, season, occupation, diet, exercise, feather beds, animals, pollen and the passions . The only major risk factor not noted in the 19th century was infection, due to the lack of germ theory. However, there was no formal asthma and allergy epidemiology until the 20th century. 

Nicotine and minor tobacco alkaloids are present in some foodstuffs and the environment (as environmental tobacco smoke), so that virtually everyone is exposed to these alkaloids, albeit at relatively low doses, for a long period of time. Ctinical s)unptoms associated with chronic toxicity due to exposure to nicotine alone or other minor tobacco alkaloids have not been reported in man. Until recently no long term study of low level nicotine exposure in relation to toxicity in man had been carried out and such observations that have been made were usually extrapolations from exposure to tobacco smoke or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). This situation is changing with the widespread use of nicotine patches, chewing gum and nasal sprays in smoking cessation programmes. Eventually it may be possible to differentiate between the effects of nicotine and the numerous (over 3000) constituents of tobacco smoke. 

The numerous publications during the past two decades on the identification, quantitation, and bioassay of NNAs, particularly those found in tobacco-related entities [tobacco, mainstream smoke (MSS), sidestream cigarette smoke (SSS), and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)] raise the question as to why this class of tobacco/tobacco smoke components has received such emphasis. Since the early 1950s, several classes of compounds in tobacco smoke have been proposed as prime contributors to cancer of the respiratory tract in smokers. The events that triggered detailed examination of the composition of cigarette MSS included ... 

Involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or environmental tobacco smoke, ETS) 20A45... 

Bull., Spec. Edition, 1990 Paper SIO, 216 Application of thermal desorption for the analysis of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) 44th Tobacco Chemists Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 44, Paper No. 27, 1990, p. 24. 

Nelson, P.R., F.W. Conrad Jr, S.P. Kelly, K.C. Maiolo, J.D. Richardson, and M.W. Ogden Composition of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) from international cigarettes. Part II. Nine country foUow-up Environ. Int. 24 (1998) 251-257. 

Ogden, M.W. and S.B. Sears Biases in environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) risk assessment due to misclassifi-cation and background correction R DM (ETS), 1992, No. 4, January 30, see www.ijrtdocs.com 508298119 -8135 Ogden, M.W., S.B. Sears, and W.T. Morgan Biases in environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) risk assessment due to misclassification and background correction. Indoor Environ. Manuscript submitted (1992), see www.ijrtdocs.com 515254829 -4854. 

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