Smoking passive

Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) mixture of smoke from the burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar and smoke exhaled by the smoker (also secondhand smoke or passive smoking). 

Pretreatment of hair samples also includes an extraction, usually with an alkaline sodium hydroxide solution, followed by cleaning up with LLE with n-hexane/ethyl acetate. Instead of LLE, the employment of SPE is also possible. Furthermore, the solid phase microextraction (SPME) in combination with head-space analysis is usable [104-106]. In the case of using hair samples, possible external contamination (e.g., by passive smoking of Cannabis) has to be considered as false positive result. False positive results can be avoided by washing of the hair samples previous to extraction [107]. Storage of collected samples is another important fact that can cause false results in their content of A9-THC and metabolites [108-110]. 

Passive smoking Non-smokers who breathe air polluted by tobacco smoke can... 

NIH (1993). Respiratory Effects of Passive Smoking. National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD. 

Figure 1. The age-specific incidence of lung cancer deaths in male cigarette smokers and nonsmokers (Kahn, 1966, Appendix Table A). The lifetime incidence for nonsmokers includes lung cancers attributable to passive smoking, asbestos inhalation, and other occupational exposures.

Bergman, H., and O. Axelson, Passive smoking and indoor radon daughter concentrations, Lancet 1308-1309 (1983). 

Higgins, I., Lifetime passive smoking and cancer risk, Lancet, 866-867, April 13, 1985. 

Hirayama, T., Passive smoking and lung cancer Consistency of association, Lancet, 1425-1426, December 1983. 

Bottoms SF, Kuhnert BR, Kuhnert PM, et al. 1982. Maternal passive smoking and fetal serum thiocyanate levels. Am J Obstet Gynecol 144(7) 787-791. 

Hauth JC, Hauth J, Drawbaugh RB, et al. 1984. Passive smoking and thiocyanate concentrations in pregnant women and newborns. Obstet Gynecol 63(4) 519-522... 

Jarvis MJ. 1989. Application of biochemical intake markers to passive smoking measurement and risk estimation. Mutat Res 222 101-110. 

Bek K, Tomac N, Delibas A, Tuna F, Tezic HT, Sungur M. (1999). The effect of passive smoking on pulmonary function during childhood. Postgrad Med J. 75(884) 339-41. 

Gasparoni A, Autelli M, Ravagnl-Problzer MF, Bartoli A, Regazzi-Bonora M, Chirico G, Rondini G (1998) Effect of passive smoking on thyroid function in infants. Eur J Endocrinol... 

Limited epidemiological data suggest that chronic human inhalation exposure to kerosene vapor and/or kerosene combustion products from cooking with kerosene stoves does not induce asthmatic respiratory effects. The presence of kerosene stoves in the homes of Malaysian children was not associated with chronic cough, persistent wheeze, asthma, or chest illness (Azizi and Henry 1991). Asthmatic bronchitis and frequent common colds in 3-year-old Japanese children were not associated with the presence of kerosene stoves in their homes (Tominaga and Itoh 1985). The latter study corrected for exposure to passive smoke. These data are of limited usefulness because the duration of exposure was not reported and the levels of kerosene exposure could not be quantified. Finally, it cannot be determined whether actual exposure to kerosene occurred in these individuals because kerosene exposure was assumed to occur if kerosene was used during cooking or if a kerosene stove was present in the home. 

Asthma is considered as a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways. This inflammation causes recurrent episodes of symptoms, variable airflow limitation, and increased airway responsiveness. Prevention of asthma involves both the prevention of the initial development of asthma (= primary prevention) and the prevention of exacerbation in patients with asthma (= secondary prevention). Primary prevention methods include reducing exposure to indoor allergens, particularly domestic mites, avoidance of passive smoking, especially by infants, and avoidance of vehicle emission pollutants, largely from incomplete combustion of petrol by car engines. 

Smuts, C. M., H. Y. Tichelaar, M. A. Dhansay, M. Faber, J. Smith, and G. F. Kirsten. Smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy affects preterm infants docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) status. Acta Paediatr 1999 88(7) 757—762. Filippini, G., M. Farinotti, G. Lovicu, P. Maisonneuve, and P. Boyle. Mothers active and passive smoking during pregnancy and risk of brain tumours in children. Int J Cancer 1994 57(6) 769-774. 

Wallace, L.A., Pellizzari, E.D. Hartwell, TD. (1987c) Exposures to benzene and other volatile compounds from active and passive smoking. Arch, environ. Health, 42, 272-279... 

Many countries have banned smoking in public places to create smoke-free environments. This important step not only reduces passive smoking and the hazards of secondhand smoke, but also the risk that ex-smokers will be exposed to smoke, which as a contextual cue, may trigger relapse. 

Vol. 9. Passive Smoking (lARC Scientific Publications No. 81). Edited by l.K. O Neill,... 

For smokers, the personal mean values for particulate matter, in this instance respirable particle concentrations, were driven by the indoor air passive smoke (23). The studies summarized in Table III show similar information for other pollutants, and for many the outdoor levels are much lower than the indoor levels that result from the presence of specific indoor sources or activities (40). 

The National Cancer Institute (NCI) estimates that 3,000 lung cancer deaths and as many as 40,000 cardiac deaths per year among adult nonsmokers in the United States can be attributed to passive smoke or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). 

The smoke from smoldering tobacco together with exhaled smoke are called environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), second-hand smoke, or passive smoke. ETS is... 

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