Physical Facilities

Physical facilities help, but do not per se make a research institute. It is the people who work there and their contributions and devoted hard work that is most important. We are nearing a quarter of a century since the Hydrocarbon Research Institute was started at USC. At the beginning in 1977, Sid Benson and I shared the scientific directorship of the Institute and Jerry Segal carried out the administrative responsibilities as executive director. When we moved into our own building in 1979, Bill Stephenson, a physical-organic chemist and a former colleague of mine in Cleveland who subsequently joined us at... 

The audit includes a review of the process safety information, inspection of the physical facilities, and interviews with all levels of plant personnel. Using the procedures and checklist, the team systematically analyzes compliance with the PSM Rule and any other relevant corporate policies. The training program is reviewed for adequacy of content, frequency and effectiveness of training. Interviews determine employee knowledge and awareness ofthe safety procedures, duties, rules, and emergency response assignments. The team identifies deficiencies in the application of safety and health policies, procedures, and work authorization practices to determine live actions. 

Fermilab, where groundbreaking for its first linear accelerator began in December 1968, is the premier high energy physics facility in the world. Its mission is to advance the understanding of the fundamental nature of matter and energy. Universities Research Association Inc., a consortium of eighty-six research... 

Generation data to complement the planning study were plentiful. As long as the utilities owned the physical facilities and were in control of future facility expansion, data were generally a nonissue. The parameters of generating plants were dialed into the calculations or computers, similar to transmission. Obviously, alternate locations for new plants could be evaluated, and oftentimes studies were finalized some ten years ahead of construction, with only limited analysis required as the in-seivicc date approached. 

Plant engineering is that branch of engineering which embraces the installation, operation, maintenance, modification, modernization, and protection of physical facilities and equipment used to produce a product or provide a service. 

Example The auxiliary functions in Figure 51.9 are identified as those work elements performed by the craftsper-son which are part of the job, but which are not apparent after the work is completed. These include such functions as job planning by the craftsman, travel time, obtaining materials, and miscellaneous get-ready and clean-up work. The auxiliary time is affected by the physical facilities involved, such as facility layout, location of shops, degree of material delivery, and so forth. If sufficient studies are taken, the auxiliary work can be related to the direct work and ratios determined for each craft by type of work. 

The instrumentation is also as varied as the variety of parameters to be measured. However, the choice is severely limited if the instrumentation needs to be of a turnkey variety. An obvious example is MRI instruments for clinical medicine that are technologically well suited for particle density imaging. MRI technicians in clinical MRI facilities are well trained to make standard images but, with rare exceptions, would not be able to make the more complex measurements needed, for example, for velocity imaging. Unfortunately, clinical MRI instruments are very expensive and also require expensive physical facilities to house them. Furthermore, medical facilities are usually not willing to divert the use of their expensive MRI instrument for purposes other than their needs, especially if instrument settings need to be changed. 

Principles and Characteristics Particle-induced X-ray emission spectrometry (PIXE) is a high-energy ion beam analysis technique, which is often considered as a complement to XRF. PIXE analysis is typically carried out with a proton beam (proton-induced X-ray emission) and requires nuclear physics facilities such as a Van der Graaff accelerator, or otherwise a small electrostatic particle accelerator. As the highest sensitivity is obtained at rather low proton energies (2-4 MeV), recently, small and relatively inexpensive tandem accelerators have been developed for PIXE applications, which are commercially available. Compact cyclotrons are also often used. 

Landfills are the physical facilities used for the ultimate disposal of residual solid wastes in the ground. In the past, the term sanitary landfill was used to denote a landfill in which the wastes were placed in the landfill and then covered at the end of daily operation. Today, sanitary landfill refers to an engineered facility for the disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW), designed and operated to minimize public health and environmental impact. 

Food and Drug Administration investigators found generally acceptable performance in the archival and record retention areas as well as in the area of the physical facilities associated with animal care and laboratory operations. The lack of findings in these areas is encouraging, since it may be... 

The Sr-82 used in these studies was produced by spallation of a molybdenum target with 800 MeV protons at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) and radiochemically separated by the Nuclear Chemistry Group at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) (22). The major radionuclidic contaminant in the Sr-82 is Sr-85 which is present in at least 1 1 ratio relative to Sr-82. The actual ratio depends upon the length of time after the production of radioactive strontium. Because of the 65 day half life of Sr-85 and the 25 day half life of Sr-82, the Sr-85 Sr-82 ratio increases with time. Other radionuclides found by the Hammersmith group in the processed Sr-82/85 shipment were Sr-89 ( 1%), Sr-90 ( 0.01%), Co-58 ( 1%) and Rb-84 ( 1%) from (17). 

Irradiations. The irradiations are performed at the Isotope Production Facility (IPF) at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) Target handling has been described elsewhere (7-9) Irradiation lengths vary from 2 to 29 days at a nominal beam intensity of 500 p-amps (at the IPF). Generally, the targets are located in irradiation positions (stringers) 2 or 3. 

Copper-67 is produced at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) by bombarding zinc oxide with 600-800 MeV protons. A four-day irradiation of zinc oxide will result in the production of from two to six curies of Cu-67. The zinc oxide is dissolved in 6M H2SO and the Cu-67 removed from the dissolved target by... 

Isotope Production Facility" in Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility Users Handbook, Los Alamos National Laboratory report MP-D0-1-UHB (Rev.) 1980, pp. 6B-7. 

Another SOP category related to the physical facility is environmental control. All plants must be kept free of rodents and insects. Such an SOP will indicate acceptable materials to be used, precautions to prevent product and personnel contamination, frequency, and area-monitoring procedure. In some operations, such as an area to manufacture sterile products, there are requirements for control of air temperature, humidity, flow rates and patterns, and particulate matter. These SOPs require steps such as checks to be performed, including temperature reading and frequency, maintenance to be performed, such as changing air filters and frequency, recording instrument checks, and calibration, such as for temperature and frequency. A prototype SOP is illustrated in Figure 6. 

A third SOP category relating to the physical facility covers the plant maintenance function. The key consideration in these SOPs for manufacturing the highest-quality products most efficiently is preventive maintenance. Correcting a breakdown in a plant support system (e.g., a motor burned out because it was... 

Physical facility—layout, condition of the walls, floors, equipment, locker rooms, restrooms, cafeteria, etc. 

Potential Capabilities at Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility To Study Nuclei Far from Stability... 

Tangibles—the appearance of physical facilities, equipment, personnel, and communication materials (Berry, Parasuraman, and Zeithaml, 1994)... 

Physical facility A patient service area distinct from the dispensing area will be created. The space will use cubicle dividers to allow privacy to perform the tests and to allow the education and counseling sessions. The space will be large enough to fit the equipment, a desk or table, chairs, and a computer. A patient record system that can interface with the dispensing software will be used. 

The next marketing-mix variable is the physical facility, which refers to the setting where the service will be delivered. Usually this is somewhere within the pharmacy. A question is, Does this setting make the patient ready to receive the service For example, does the patient perceive sufficient privacy to participate in a health care service Private or semiprivate consultation areas can create the environment needed to provide pharmacy services satisfactorily. Also, consideration should be given to space and workflow. A new pharmacy layout may be needed to accommodate a new pharmacy service because new equipment or space may need to be put in place. 

The next marketing-mix variables that need careful consideration are the place and physical facility. Care-Rite Pharmacy will be providing the Pharmacy Check-up Service on site. Therefore, pharmacy staff need to consider patient privacy and space to provide the service. In preparation for this service, Carol did some remodeling of her pharmacy. She created two semiprivate patient areas using office partitions. One area was designated as the area where lipid testing... 

Reduced startup costs/less risk Less time required to show a profit Buyer receives established goodwill Business has an established clientele Business provides buyer with trained employees, inventory, physical facilities, and established relationships area healthcare providers... 

The design and layout of the physical facilities that make up the processing-plant flow sheet are an important aspect in the implementation and successful operation of such systems. Important factors that must be considered in the design and layout of such systems include (1) process performance efficiency, (2) reliability and flexibility, (3) ease and economy of operation, (4) aesthetics, and (5) environmental controls. 

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