Environment European Union

The pressure equipment directive was adopted by the European Parliament and the European Council in May 1997. It harmonises the national laws of the 15 Member States of the European Union relating to equipment subject to the pressure risk. That directive is one of the series of technical harmonisation directives such as for machinery, medical devices, simple pressure vessels, gas appliances and so on, which were foreseen by the Communities programme for the elimination of technical barriers to trade. It therefore aims to ensure the free placing on the market and putting into service of the equipment concerned within the European Union and the European Economic Area. At the same time it permits a flexible regulatory environment, allowing European industry to develop new techniques increasing thereby its international competitiveness. 

Matthies M, Berding V, Beyer A (2004) Probabilistic uncertainty analysis of the European union system for the evaluation of substances multimedia regional distribution model. Environ Toxicol Chem 3(10) 2494—2502... 

Muir J, Eduljee G. 1999. PCP in the freshwater and marine enviromnent of the European Union. Sci Total Environ 236 41-56. 

Public concern about PBDE levels in the environment was heightened when it was shown that a sharp increase in the concentration of certain PBDEs had occurred in human breast milk over only a 10-year period (Meironyte et al. 1999 Noren and Meironyte 2000), and the levels of exposure in some infants and toddlers were similar to those shown to cause developmental neurotoxicity in animal experiments (Costa and Giordano 2007). As a result of these concerns, the majority of commercial PBDE mixtures have been banned from manufacture, sale, and use within the European Union. 

Commission of the European Communities (COM) (2004) Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament Stimulating Technologies for Sustainable Development An Environmental Technologies Action Plan for the European Union. 38 final. http //ec.europa.eu/environment/etap/ pdfs/com 004 etap en.pdf. (Accessed May 2010). 

All individuals and companies have a duty of care to their neighbours, and to the environment in general. In the United Kingdom this is embodied in the Common Law. In addition to this moral duty, stringent controls over the environment are being introduced in the United Kingdom, the European Union, the United States, and in other industrialised countries and developing countries. 

Pendolovska V, Fernandez R, Mandl N, Gugele B, Ritter M. Annual European Union Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990-2011 and Inventory Report 2013. Copenhagen European Environment Agency 2013, 20 p... 

The European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances (EUSES) [8] is the software provided by European Chemical Bureau (ECB) to implement the EU Technical Guidance Documents on Risk Assessment for new notified substances, existing substances, and biocides [3]. The development of EUSES 2.1 was commissioned by the European Commission to the National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) of the Netherlands. The work was supervised by an EU working group comprised of representatives of the JRC-European Chemicals Bureau, EU Member States, and the European chemical industry. 

There is a huge variety of PBDEs considering that there might be from one to ten bromine atoms bound to the diphenyl ether molecule. Among all the PBDEs, the commercial mixtures of decabromodiphenyl ether (deca-BDE), octabromodiphenyl ether (octa-BDE) and pentabromodiphenyl ether (penta-BDE) are the products that are most found in the environment. Related to octa-BDE and penta-BDE mixtures, their commercial use was banned in the European Union in 2004 and that year their leading manufacturers in North America stopped producing them on a voluntary basis [2], Regarding the deca-BDE mixture, since July 2008, its use has been... 

The Hg-electrolysis technology is one of the major point sources of Hg contamination, and its impact on the environment has been studied worldwide [23-26]. Although mercury cell chlor-alkali industry is obsolete in most of the European Union countries [27], in Spain it will be allowed until the end of 2010. 

As member states of the European Union have been releasing new regulations to protect the environment by reducing pollutant emissions, the heating equipment industry as well as their customers is well aware of the need for a new sensor-con-trolled burner concept. The answer is continuous innovation in small burner technology. Burners with radiant surfaces, for example, reduce temperatures in the reaction zone of the flame, which in turn, reduces NOx emissions. Most modern furnaces use fully premixed burners. The stabilisation of the flame becomes more difficult, because a rise of the fluid flow yields a decrease of the burning velocity. 

EUROPEAN COMMISSION UK,HOUSE OF COMMONS,ENVIRONMENT COMMITTEE BELGIUM DENMARK EU EUROPEAN COMMUNITY EUROPEAN UNION SCANDINAVIA WESTERN EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL... 

The European Commission has bowed to government and industry pressure, and made a series of amendments to water down its proposed European Union chemical policy. Proposals to test polymers under the policy s Reach programme have been all but scrapped, and the number of intermediates requiring testing has been drastically reduced. The concessions mean that the number of chemicals to be tested under Reach has fallen from about 30,000 to about 10,000. Some polymers may have to be registered under the revised version of Reach, but only after a review of the risks they pose, and taking into account the impact on competitiveness, innovation and protection of human health and the environment. EUROPEAN COMMISSION... 

A European Union (EU) risk assessment of di-2-ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) underestimated the substance s potential damage to the environment, the commission s scientific committee on toxicology (CSTEE) says. The study was completed by a team of Swedish scientists in September 2001 for the European Commission (EC). The Swedish scientists had recommended in September that no measures were required to reduce the risk of pollution from DEHP. But CSTEE will begin a new round of research shortly, as part of a review of the scientists assessment, to determine the extent of environmental risks posed by DEHP. CSTEE says that in many cases there is a need for... 

HEALTH, SAFETY AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION... 

The 1999/45/CE European Union directive relating to substances hazardous to the health or the environment is examined. Its implications for chemicals used in the rubber industry are briefly discussed, and classifications are presented for a number of accelerators. 

An examination is made of the requirements of a European Union directive (1999/45/CE) relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of chemical substances considered harmful to the health or the environment. 

STEVENS URETHANE UK,DEPT.OF TRADE IND. UK,LABORATORY OF THE GOVERNMENT CHEMIST SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON TOXICITY,ECOTOXICITY ENVIRONMENT AMERICAN COUNCIL ON SCIENCE HEALTH EUROPEAN COMMISSION TNO PLASTICS RUBBER RESEARCH INSTITUTE DENMARK EU EUROPEAN COMMUNITY EUROPEAN UNION FRANCE NETHERLANDS SCANDINAVIA UK USA WESTERN EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL... 

Many rubber products, when exported to the member states of the European Union, must comply with the requirements of the relevant legislation approach. The EU Directives of New Approach and Directives of Sectoral Approach are legislative provisions that must especially be followed. Directives of New Approach confine the requirements to the protection of health, property and environment and the safety requirements. The Directives of New Approach lay down the uniform procedure of approval of conformity. Harmonised European standards, giving detailed specifications of the product, follow these Directives. Detailed requirements are given in the Directives of Sectoral Approach and they have to be interpreted individually. The essential concepts are explained and a review of the most important documents is presented. 

While participating in the European Union programme on risk assessment of existing chemicals, Euro Chlor (representing all major European chlorine producers), recognised the need to carry out a detailed risk evaluation on chemicals linked to the production of chlorine. In view of concerns about specific risks of organohalogen compounds to the marine environment as a sink for all watercourses, Euro Chlor focused on this environmental compartment, with emphasis on the North Sea. This sea area has been extensively studied and is controlled by the Oslo and Paris Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution (OSPARCOM). For a series of chemicals on lists of concern adopted by the North Sea Conference (1990), risk assessments are being carried out to demonstrate their variable environmental profiles. 

Strict legal limits have been defined in some countries (for instance in the USA, and also throughout the European Union) because of the persistency and the wide distribution of these compounds. These regulations have primarily been issued in order to protect the environment, less because of a direct hazard for humans. 

EEA (2006a). Transport and Environment Facing a Dilemma. TERM 2005 Indicators Tracking Transport and Environment in the European Union. Copenhagen European Environment Agency, http //europa.eu.int. 

Recently the protection of the environment has become increasingly important for industry with the requirement that the potential impact on the environment is considered for all aspects of industrial processes. Such considerations are supported by environmental legislation that controls all types of emissions as well as the treatment of wastes. Such legislation is based on global standards that have largely resulted from developments within the European Union, Japan, and the United States in collaboration with international conventions. Of these, the Basel Convention (1989) and the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro (1992) were significant in the control and prevention of wastes. In the case of liquid wastes that are most appropriate for treatment by liquid liquid extraction, limits for discharge into the aqueous environment have been established by the three countries already mentioned. These limits depend on the particular country and sometimes on the industry. (See section 14.6.)... 

Currently, legislation covering the discharge of metals into the environment is monitored, controlled, and devised by individual countries or regions. However, there is a move toward harmonizing of such legislation led by the United States, the European Union, and Japan. 

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