European Union countries

Farmed animals tend to be subjected to compounds that can be classified more easily as drugs. In some cases, animals may encounter compounds in nature that have considerable limitations in inclusion in the diets of farmed animals. An example is the inclusion of zearalenone (Figure 1) and its derivatives in animal diets these have anabolic and oestrogenic properties " and are permitted to be used in some areas of the world but are prohibited from use in others, such as European Union countries. Thus this compound and its reduced isomers (zearalenols, zeranols) improve growth rates in animals but can cause reproductive problems, especially in pigs. Ralgro, which is a commercially prepared derivative of zearalenone, is used as an ear implant in beef cattle as a growth promoter in... 

The Hg-electrolysis technology is one of the major point sources of Hg contamination, and its impact on the environment has been studied worldwide [23-26]. Although mercury cell chlor-alkali industry is obsolete in most of the European Union countries [27], in Spain it will be allowed until the end of 2010. 

Various government agencies will become partners in process safety issues, for example, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration in the United States [272] and the competent authorities in the European Union countries [273]. 

The ASTRA model consists of eight modules and the version described in this section covers the 27 European Union countries (EU27) plus Norway and Switzerland. The major interlinkages and feedback loops between the eight modules are shown in Fig. 18.10. 

No milk can be considered hormone free as natural hormones are always present. The question that has been under heated debate since approximately 1995 is whether the bovine somatotropin hormone (BST) injected into cows to increase milk production results in harmful levels of hormone in milk. The use of BST, which is based upon an economic return rather than any health benefit to the animal, raises two important questions what are the health risks to the human consumer, primarily children and what are the effects on the animals It is fairly well accepted that the use of BST increases the incidence of mastitis and therefore the potential for increased residues of antibiotic and antimicrobials in milk. Because of this Canada, Australia, Japan, the U.K., and other European Union countries decided that the health impact on animals was unacceptable and that BST was not to be used in their jurisdictions. Their decisions were not based upon any human health concerns, but strictly on concerns for animal health. 

When an applicant has obtained one national authorisation (within an European Union country), any ongoing assessment of that product in other EU Member States is suspended and the first authorisation granted is entered for mutual recognition by all or selected (depending on the choice of the applicant) Member States. 

In general, the pharmaceutical industry would regard the freedom to price new products without awaiting the outcome of protracted negotiations - that can delay marketing for months or even years in some European Union countries - as a major advantage that counterbalances the system s many faults. This freedom was maintained in the 1999 revision of the PPRS. 

Once a patent is granted (or issued ) it will remain in force subject to payment of renewal fees. Typically, the duration of a patent is twenty years from the filing date. In general the patent monopoly extends until the expiry of the patent. However, in the European Union and some other European countries, and in the USA and elsewhere, there are provisions for extending the term of protection for a specific approved medical product which is covered by a patent when there have been delays in obtaining regulatory approval. For example, in European Union countries a supplementary protection... 

TBHQ reacts with peroxy radicals to form a semiquinone resonance hybrid. The semiquinone radical intermediate may undergo different reactions to form more stable products they can react with one another to form dimers, dismutate, and regenerate as semiquinones and they can react with another peroxy radical (Figure 5 18, 24). A possible mutagenic effect of TBHQ has been the subject of extensive studies, and few countries in the world including Japan and the European Union countries do not yet approve its use in foods. Since 1999, TBHQ is included in the class IV preservative list in Canada, with a maximum usage level of 0.02% (Canada Food and Drug Act). 

Canada, European Union countries, Poland, and Australia have been the major canola seed exporters. Production of canola seeds in Canada is presented in Figure 6, showing growing trend for the last decade. 

The oleochemical industry is fairly well developed and its future secure because of a reliable supply of raw materials. The world s fats and oils output has been growing rapidly over the past few decades, far beyond the need for human nutrition. The world s production and consumption of natural oils and fats has grown from 79.2 million t in 1990 to 117 million t in 2001. Malaysia, Indonesia, and Argentina are notable excess-supply producers India, the European Union countries, and China are notable high-demand areas that supplement regional production through imports (1). 

Under the mutual recognition procedure, the applicant company usually ends up receiving national marketing authorisations from some or all of the national drug regulatory authorities to whom the dossier is submitted. The centralised procedure, on the other hand, is all or none , and under it the applicant company would receive a single marketing approval from the EMEA valid in all European Union countries. Rejection of an application under the centralised procedure means that the product cannot be marketed in any Member State. 

The effectiveness of various measures to contain expenditure on medicines in the UK can only be assessed in the context of the situation in other European Union countries. Table 21.1 gives data for the total expenditure on health care as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP), expenditure on medicines as a percentage of total healthcare spend, the national pharmaceutical industry s research and development expenditure in euro-millions, the general price index and the medicines price index nationally compared to a European price of 100, and the national pharmaceutical consumption per capita expressed as defined daily doses (DDD). These comparisons are based on OECD Health Data 2000. 

FIGURE 3-10 Ratio of publications and citations of the 15 European Union countries in the comparator group (EU15) to the United States on ISI databases 1993-2002. 

The European regulations are maudatory in all European Union countries they are applied into the national legislation without trauslatiou. 

The long-term application of phosphorus at rates higher than its removal via crops ultimately leads to a major accumulation of the element in the soil. In most European Union countries, the average quantity of phosphorus applied between 1954 and 1997 exceeded 0.5 tonha and in some... 

Sulfur levels in gasoline and diesel fuels have been decreasing steely over the last several years, primarily in response to government regulations both in the U.S. and in Western Europe. For example, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency s (EPA) Tier 2 emission standards mandate sulfur level reduction from current 330 and 550 mg/kg sulfur in gasoline and diesel, respectively, to 30 and 15 mg/kg by 2006 and near zero by 2010 and later years [1-3]. Regulations in California are even more restrictive. Similarly, EN 590 European diesel specification mandates sulfur content of diesels from 350 mg/kg maximum in 2000 to 10 mg/kg maximum by January 1, 2005 in European Union countries. 

Gazprom (2006b) On results of Alexey Miller s meeting with ambassadors of the European Union countries , Gazprom Press Release, April 18. 

European Union countries were only introduced officially into Community and French terminology in 1991 in two European regulatory measures binding in the EU member States. 

Japan is the largest importer of REE, which amounts to about 73 % of the global demand outside of China. The European Union countries collectively import... 

Product safety—Law and legislation—European Union countries. 

Machinery—Safety regulations—European Union countries. 

Standardization—European Union countries—Marks. I. Title. 

Sources of VOC emissions. There are many different sources of volatile organic compounds. The percentage split between different sources varies according to the country. Figure 6.6 shows values for European Union countries in 1985 (from Corinair). 

For bituminous mixtures or unbound/hydraulically bound layers, the size and number of sieves are selected from a basic sieve set and from one of two alternative sieve sets (set 1 or set 2). The basic set of sieves and the basic set of sieves plus set 1 or set 2 are shown in Table 2.4. Each European Union country selects the set it is going to use. The sieves from one set should never be mixed with the series of sieves of the other. 

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