Encephalomyelitis

The class III cytokine receptor family includes two TNE receptors, the low affinity NGE receptor and 7-ceU surface recognition sites that appear to play a role in proliferation, apoptosis, and immunodeficiency. TNE-a (- 17, 000 protein) is produced by astrocytes and microglia and can induce fever, induce slow-wave sleep, reduce feeding, stimulate prostaglandin synthesis, stimulate corticotrophin-releasing factor and prolactin secretion, and reduce thyroid hormone secretion. TNE-a stimulates IL-1 release, is cytotoxic to oligodendrocytes, and reduces myelination this has been impHcated in multiple sclerosis and encephalomyelitis. Astrocyte TNE-a receptors mediate effects on IL-6 expression and augment astrocytic expression of MHC in response to other stimulants such as lEN-y. 

Use of D-amino acids in the synthesis of a hairpin loop portion from the CD4 receptor provides a stable CD4 receptor mimic, which blocks experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (144). This synthetic constmct is not simply the mirror image or enantiomer of the CD4 hairpin loop, but rather an aH-D-constmct in the reverse sequence, thus providing stereochemicaHy similar side-chain projections of the now inverted backbone (Fig. 11). This peptide mimetic, unlike its aH-L amino acid counterpart, is resistant to en2yme degradation. As one would expect, the aH-D amino acid CD4 hairpin loop, synthesi2ed in the natural direction, the enantiomer of the natural constmct, is inactive. 

In addition to antibodies targeting the CD3 subunit of the TCR complex, antibodies against the a and (3 subunits of the TCR have been tested as therapeutic agents. A benefit for the treatment experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis or collagen induced arthritis could be shown in animal models [8]. 

Lavasani S, Dzhambazov B, Andersson M (2007) Monoclonal antibody against T-cell receptor alphabeta induces self-tolerance in chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Scand J Immunol 65 39-47... 

COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease EAE, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis RSV, respiratory syncytial virus SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus. 

Symptoms next include dementia, tremor, and ataxia progressing most often to coma and death survivors show severe chronic meningoencephalitis. The American form of trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) is a common health problem in Central and Southern America and is transmitted by reduviid bugs. Polymyositis, myocarditis and encephalomyelitis are constant features of the disorder but may be accompanied by more widespread visceral involvement. Infection can be confirmed by complement fixation tests but antibodies do not occur in the blood until about two months after infection. 

HL Regulatory T cell clones induced by oral tolerance suppression of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Science 1994 265 1237-1240. 

Abromson-Leeman S, Bronson R, Luo Y, Berman M, Leeman R, Leeman J, Dorf M (2004) T-ceU properties determine disease site, clinical presentation, and cellular pathology of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Am J Pathol 165 1519-1533 Adamson DC, Wildemann B, Sasaki M, Glass JD, McArthur JC, Christov VI, Dawson TM, Dawson VL (1996) Immunologic NO synthase elevation in severe AIDS dementia and induction by HIV-1 gp41. Science 274 1917-1921... 

Glabinski AR, Bielecki B, O Bryant S, Selmaj K, Ransohoff RM (2002) Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis CC chemokine receptor expression by trafficking cells. J Autoimmun 19 175-181... 

McCandless EE, Wang Q, Woerner BM, Harper JM, Klein RS (2006) CXCL12 Umits inflammation by localizing mononuclear infiltrates to the perivascular space during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 177 8053-8064 McCandless EE, Piccio L, Woerner BM, Schmidt RE, Rubin JB, Cross AH, Klein RS (2008a) Pathologic expression of CXCL12 at the blood brain barrier correlates with severity of multiple sclerosis. Am J Pathol... 

Smith SS, Bamum SR (2008) Differential expression of beta 2-integrins and cytokine production between gammadelta and alphabeta T cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Leukoc Biol 83 71-79... 

Holmes EE, Arnott N, Vanderplank P et al (2008) Intra-neural administration of fractalkine attenuates neuropathic pain-related behaviour. J Neurochem 106 640-649 Huang DR, Shi ED, Jung S et al (2006) The neuronal chemokine CX3CL 1/fractalkine selectively recruits NK cells that modify experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis within the central nervous system. EASEB J 20 896-905... 

Aluminium overload Allergic encephalomyelitis (demyelinating diseases) Ageing... 

Liu L, Graham G, Hu T, et al. The silent chemokine receptor D6 is required for generating T cell responses that mediate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 2006 177(1) 17-21. 

Xu W, Fazekas G, Hara H, et al. Mechanism of natural killer (NK) cell regulatory role in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2005 163 24-30. 

Jahng AW, Maricic I, Pedersen B, et al. Activation of natural killer T cells potentiates or prevents experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Exp Med 2001 194 1789-1799. 

Benveniste EN. Role of macrophages/microglia in multiple sclerosis and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Mol Med 1997 75 165-173. 

Heppner FL, Greter M, Marino D, et al. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis repressed by microglial paralysis. Nat Med 2005 11 146-152. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Rabies, hepatoencephalopathy, leukoen-cephalomalacia, protozoal encephalomyelitis, equine herpes virus 1, verminous men-ingoencephalomyelitis, cranial trauma, botulism, and meningitis. In birds Newcastle disease virus, avian encephalomyelitis virus, botulism, and listeriosis. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Classical swine fever, African swine fever, pseudorabies, rabies, Japanese encephalitis, edema disease, hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis, bacterial meningoencephalitis, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus, hypoglycemia, water deprivation/salt intoxication, and other toxins. 

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