Allergic encephalomyelitis

Use of D-amino acids in the synthesis of a hairpin loop portion from the CD4 receptor provides a stable CD4 receptor mimic, which blocks experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (144). This synthetic constmct is not simply the mirror image or enantiomer of the CD4 hairpin loop, but rather an aH-D-constmct in the reverse sequence, thus providing stereochemicaHy similar side-chain projections of the now inverted backbone (Fig. 11). This peptide mimetic, unlike its aH-L amino acid counterpart, is resistant to en2yme degradation. As one would expect, the aH-D amino acid CD4 hairpin loop, synthesi2ed in the natural direction, the enantiomer of the natural constmct, is inactive. 

Aluminium overload Allergic encephalomyelitis (demyelinating diseases) Ageing... 

Benveniste EN. Role of macrophages/microglia in multiple sclerosis and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Mol Med 1997 75 165-173. 

Raine, C. S., Wisniewski, H. and Prineas, J. An ultrastruc-tural study of experimental demyelination and remyelin-ation. II. Chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the peripheral nervous system. Lab. Invest. 21 316-327, 1969. 

Rouleau, A., Dimitriadou,V.,TrungTuong,M. D. etal. Mast cell specific proteases in rat brain changes in rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. /. Neural Transm. 104 399-417,1997. 

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is an animal model of autoimmune demyelination 640... 

Scelsi, R., D.M. Franciotta, C. Camana, F. Savoldi, and M. Allegrini. 1989. Suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis after dietary zinc deprivation in guinea pigs. Nutr. Res. 9 1345-1354. 

Genetically predisposed animals or induced animal models may also be used to study and predict chemical-induced autoimmunity. In induced models, a susceptible animal strain is immunized with a mixture of an adjuvant and an autoantigen isolated from the target organ. Examples are adjuvant arthritis (AA), experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and experimental uveitis in the Lewis strain rat. Examples of spontaneous models... 

Weigle, W.O. (1980). Analysis of autoimmunity through experimental models of thyroiditis and allergic encephalomyelitis. Adv. Immunol. 30 159-275. 

In autoimmunity models, similar interactions occur. Thus, mice exposed to S. mansoni ova are protected from two different autoimmune diseases, type 1 diabetes [71] and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis [72, 73]. In these instances, a Th2 immune deviation might equally explain the amelioration of Thl pathology, and experimental testing of this possibility remains to be undertaken. 

Brosnan, C. F., Bronstein, M. B., and Bloom, B. R. (1981). The effects of macrophage depletion on the clinical and pathological expression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol. 126,614-620. 

Most cells of the immune system are ordinarily kept apart from those of the nervous system by means of the blood-brain barrier. However, allergic encephalomyelitis, in which T cells attack the myelin sheath of brain neurons, can easily be induced in mice.506 A similar autoimmune process is thought to be involved in human multiple sclerosis (see Chapter 30, pp. 1769, 1808, and Fig. 30-9).507,508 High levels of circulating IgM are found in some demyelinating diseases of peripheral neurons.508 In Rasmussen s encephalitis, which causes brain inflammation and epilepsy, serum antibodies attack a glutamate receptor subunit GluR3.509... 

Hardin-Pouzet H., Krakowski M., Bourbonniere L., Didier-Bazes M., Tran E., and Owens T. (1997). Glutamate metabolism is down-regulated in astrocytes during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Glia 20 79-85. 

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis Glutamate NMDA (Hardin-Pouzet et al., 1997)... 

Paul C. and Bolton C. (2002). Modulation of blood-brain barrier dysfunction and neurological deficits during acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by the A-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist memantine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 302 50-57. 

Piccirillo, C.A. and Prud homme, G.J. (1999) Prevention of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by intramuscular gene transfer with cytokine-encoding plasmid vectors. Hum. Gene Then, 10,1915-1922. 

Rousseau, V., et al. 1999. Early detection of liposome brain localization in rat experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Exp Brain Res 125 255. 

Bolton, C., Elderfield, A.J., and R.J. Flower, 1990, The detection of lipocortins 1, 2 and 5 in central nervous system tissues from Lewis rats with acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Neuroim-munol. 29( 1—3) 173—81. 

Easter Island (Rapa Nui) first discovered and characterized by Sehgal in 1975 (38), Initially identified as an antifungal agent, the compound was subsequently found to posses potent immunosuppressive activities, initially demonstrated through its ability to prevent adjuvant-induced arthritis and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rodent models. As a potent immunosuppressive agent, sirolimus has been developed and marketed by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals for the prevention of renal transplant rejection (Rapamune ) (39). 

Chelmicka-Schorr E, Kwasniewski MN, Thomas BE, Amason BG (1989) The beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol suppresses experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats. J. Neuroimmunol. 25 203-207. 

White SR, Bhatnagar RK, Bardo MT (1983) Norepinephrine depletion in the spinal cord gray matter of rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Neurochem. 40 1771-1773. 

Emerson MR, LeVine SM. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is exacerbated in mice deficient for 12/15-lipoxygenase or 5-lipoxygenase. Brain Res 2004 1021(1) 140-145. 

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