Surface recognition

The class III cytokine receptor family includes two TNE receptors, the low affinity NGE receptor and 7-ceU surface recognition sites that appear to play a role in proliferation, apoptosis, and immunodeficiency. TNE-a (- 17, 000 protein) is produced by astrocytes and microglia and can induce fever, induce slow-wave sleep, reduce feeding, stimulate prostaglandin synthesis, stimulate corticotrophin-releasing factor and prolactin secretion, and reduce thyroid hormone secretion. TNE-a stimulates IL-1 release, is cytotoxic to oligodendrocytes, and reduces myelination this has been impHcated in multiple sclerosis and encephalomyelitis. Astrocyte TNE-a receptors mediate effects on IL-6 expression and augment astrocytic expression of MHC in response to other stimulants such as lEN-y. 

Williams, A. F. and Barclay, A N. The immunoglobulin superfamily - domains for cell surface recognition. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 6 381-405,1988. 

Katchalski-katzir, E., Shariv, I., Eisenstein, M., Friesem, A.A., and Aelalo, C. Molecular surface recognition determination of geometric flt between proteins and their ligands by correlation techniques. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S.A. 1992, 89, 2195-2199. 

Hong R, Fischer NO, Verma A, Goodman CM, Emrick T, RoteUo VM. Control of protein structure and function through surface recognition by tailored nanoparticle scaffolds. J Am Chem Soc 2004 126 739-743. 

Klaikherd A, Sandanaraj BS, Vutukuri DR, Tha3mmanavan S. Comparison of facially amphiphilic biaryl dendrimers with classical amphiphiUc ones using protein surface recognition as the tool. J Am Chem Soc 2006 128 9231-9237. 

Srivastava S, Verma A, Frankamp BL, Rotello VM. Controlled assembly of protein-nanoparticle composites through protein surface recognition. Adv Mater 2005 17 617-621. 

A very brief description of biological membrane models, and model membranes, is given. Studies of lateral diffusion in model membranes (phospholipid bilayers) and biological membranes are described, emphasizing magnetic resonance methods. The relationship of the rates of lateral diffusion to lipid phase equilibria is discussed. Experiments are reported in which a membrane-dependent immunochemical reaction, complement fixation, is shown to depend on the rates of diffusion of membrane-bound molecules. It is pointed out that the lateral mobilities and distributions of membrane-bound molecules may be important for cell surface recognition. 

Thus far, it could be shown that stable liposomes can be prepared by polymerization of lipids. These vesicle systems, however, are still far away from being a real biomembrane model. As of now, they do not show any typical biological behavior such as surface recognition, enzymatic activities, variable lipid distribution, and the ability to undergo fusion. 

Park, H. S., Lin, Q., Hamilton, A. D., Protein surface recognition by synthetic receptors A route to novel submicromolar inhibitors for alpha-chymotrypsin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 8-13. 

Synthetic pathways that supposedly avoid the pitfalls of viral delivery systems (see below) have been explored. Both Kaneda and coworkers (Chapter 9) and Sorgi and coworkers (Chapter 8) have been successful in designing viruslike liposomal delivery systems that provide some of the advantages of viral carriers—in other words, cell surface recognition and fusion with target cells (or intracellular compartments, i.e., endosomes, respectively)—without the detrimental immune response that viral systems generate. The efficiency of these systems is still orders of magnitude less than that of viral carriers however, cytotoxic... 

Verma A Rotello VM, Surface recognition of biomacromolecules using nanoparticle receptors, Chem. Commun., 2005, 303-312. 

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