Personal care products, emulsions

PVP / styrene ISP/Polectron 430 30% VP opacifier for personal care products very stable styrene emulsion... 

Lipases, 3 675-676 10 281-282 cotton modification, 8 30 immobilized, 10 306 in leather processing, 10 306 in personal care products, 10 306 Lipid emulsions, 10 130 Lipidil, molecular formula and structure, 5 14 It... 

Alcohol sulfates (R — 0S03"Na ) - alcohol reacted with suihir trioxide then neutralized with sodium hydroxide. Applications include shampoo, bar soaps, and other personal care products laundry and dishwashing soap textiles and additives to emulsion polymerization. 

The human skin is a rather complex structure, which protects the body against the environment. The aim of the different cosmetics is to repair and restore the original balance of elements in skin structure. Cosmetic preparations would need to consider any reaction between them and the components of the skin. Skin creams are known to be composed of a variety of ingredients, which are based on end use (hands, feet, face, hair, etc.), and some speciality products that are applied to the skin to repair effects such as dryness. We will now consider some recipes for skin creams. Since the number of personal care emulsion creams is very large, only a few typical examples are given here. A variety of emulsion skin care products are found commercially that claim to exhibit properties for nurturing and protecting the skin. 

Although most colloidal dispersions are not thermodynamically stable, a consequence of the small size and large surface area in colloids, and of the presence of an interfacial film on droplets, bubbles or particles, is that dispersions of these species, having reasonable kinetic stability, can be made. That is, suspended droplets or particles may not aggregate quickly nor settle or float out rapidly and droplets in an emulsion or bubbles in a foam may not coalesce quickly. Many food and personal care product emulsions and suspensions, for example, are formulated to remain stable for months to years. It is crucial that stability be understood in terms of a clearly defined process, and one must consider the degree of change and the time-scale in the definition of stability. 

Many industrial and consumer products are formulated as emulsions including numerous surface coatings (Chapter 12), foods, pesticides and herbicides (Chapter 13), pharmaceutical products (Chapter 14), and personal care products such as creams and lotions (Chapter 15). Some emulsions are made to reduce viscosity so that an oil can be made to flow. Emulsions of asphalt, a semi-solid variety of bitumen dispersed in water, are formulated to be both less viscous than the original... 

The ability to encapsulate active ingredients in emulsions, foams, and suspensions, is leading manufacturers to make personal care products that are also pharmaceutical, termed cosmeceuticals. Examples creams with anti-wrinkle properties, lotions with anti-baldness effects, and sunscreens that treat skin damage (see also Chapter 15). 

No systematic studies of the use of silicone surfactants as emulsifiers have yet been published. Silicone polyoxyalkylene copolymers with relatively high molecular weight and a high proportion of silicone are effective water-in-silicone oil emulsifiers and a recent study of these copolymers suggests that they stabilize emulsions by a solid-particle mechanism [68]. This type of silicone surfactant has been used to prepare transparent water-in-oil emulsions (often with an active ingredient in the internal phase) for use as deodorants or antiperspirants as well as cosmetics and other personal care products. Their use as drug delivery vehicles has also been claimed. These copolymers can also be used to prepare multiple emulsions not requiring a two-pot process. 

The above polymeric dispersants are essential materials for the preparation of most disperse systems, of which should be mentioned dyestuffs, paper coatings, inks, agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, ceramics, and detergents [1]. One of the most important applications of polymeric surfactants is in the preparation of oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions, as well as solid/liquid dispersions [2, 3]. In this case, the hydrophobic portion of the surfactant molecule should adsorb strongly at the O/W or become dissolved in... 

O/w-droplet micro emulsions are widespread in cleaners, cosmetics and personal care products (see Chapter 8). They are also used as solvents for pharmaceuticals (see Chapter 9) and agrochemicals [16]. In particular, pharmaceutically active ingredients [17] and pesticides [18] which are poorly soluble or insoluble in water can be readily dissolved in o/w-droplet micro emulsions. O/w-droplet micro emulsions are also used as carriers for biocides in wood preservation [19]. W/o-droplet micro emulsions can be found in fuels (see Chapter 11), but also in more sensitive products like cosmetics (see Chapter 8) and food [20,21]. They can also be used as media for enzymatic reactions. 

There are many industrial processes in which the formation of low internal phase or concentrated emulsions needs to be controlled in terms of formation, stability, destruction or prevention. Examples range from asphalt emulsions to personal care products, and to food products. Success in emulsion control requires achieving the right physical chemistry and also the right fluid mechanics. In addition to HLB (see Section 7.2.1), both the nature of the emulsification method and the oil-water ratio are critical in determining the produced emulsion type. It appears that the emulsification technique (applied shear and oil-water ratio) used can be of greater importance in determining the final emulsion type than the HLB values of the surfactants themselves. 

Siloxane surfactants are crucial ingredients in personal care products they are the components of shampoos and conditioners that improve the softness and silkiness of hair, and are also used in shaving foams, toothpastes, antiper-spirants, cosmetics, hair-styling gels and bath oils. These applications follow from a combination of properties, e.g. low surface tension, water-solubility or dispersion in water to give emulsions, and low toxicity. Some of these properties contrast sharply with those required by polysilox-anes used in, for example, greases, sealants and rubbers. Siloxane surfactants contain a permethylated backbone which incorporates polar substituents. For example, polyether groups are hydrophilic and allow the polymers to be used in aqueous media, a prerequisite for use in shampoos and hair conditioners. 

Silicones give a imique diy-lubrieity feel to surfaces sueh as textiles, hair, and skin [38], That is why graft polysiloxane-poly(oxyalkylene) copolymers are used for making water-in-silicone oil (w/o) emulsions for personal care products [52]. The question of how to solubilize polymeric silicone oils, preferentially in microemulsions, is of high technological importance... 

Schramm LL, Personal care product applications. In Emulsions, Foams, and Suspensions, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 2006, pp. 337-346. 

Emulsions are ubiquitous in consumer applications, including pharmaceuticals, food products, adhesives and personal care products. Product characteristics are influenced both by the chemical formulation and by the processing technology employed. Traditionally, emulsions are formed under high shear conditions using static mixers, ultrasound devices, homogenizers or rotor/stator mixers. Compositions and process conditions are often over-designed to ensure that product requirements are met [2]. 

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