Emulsion control

M. J. Bronaley, S. H. Gaffney, and G. E. Jackson. Oilfield emulsion control, techniques and chemicals used to separate oil and water. In Proceedings Volume, volume 3. Inst Corrosion UK (Corrosion 91) Conf (Manchester, England, 10/22-10/24), 1991. 

There are three main techniques of polymerisation bulk, solution and emulsion. In bulk or mass polymerisation, the catalyst is added directly to the monomer and heat may be applied to start the reaction. In solution polymerisation, the monomer is dissolved in an organic solvent. In emulsion polymerisation, the monomer or monomers are stirred up with water and an emulsifying agent to form a stable emulsion. Control of the reaction is obviously much easier with either solution or emulsion polymerisation than with bulk polymerisation. 

The results of Figure 13 suggest that as the droplet size increases, the emulsion retention increases. The large droplets have a higher capture probability and fill up more of the pores faster, a result that explains why they elute later than the smaller droplets. Emulsions with small droplet size diameters elute with essentially the inlet size distributions. Two factors control permeability reduction the total volume of droplets retained and the effectiveness of these droplets in restricting fiow. For a given porous medium, a critical mean droplet size of the emulsion controls permeability reduction. Below this value, retention of oil in porous media is dominant, and above the critical mean droplet size, their obstruction ability is pronounced. This situation explains the trends shown in Figure 13 for the effect of droplet size on permeability reduction. These conclusions are valid for stable, very dilute OAV emulsions and are based on a few experiments. 

Romano Cheese and Butterfat. The volatile flavor compounds were isolated from the EMB sample, a commercial sample of Romano cheese and a butterfat control sample by vacuum steam distillation. Volatiles were isolated from 2.5L EMB in five batch isolations. The EMB was mixed in a Waring blender prior to each isolation. Romano cheese was obtained from a commercial source (Stella Romano cheese, Universal Foods Corp., Milwaukee, WI). Volatiles were isolated from 700 gm Romano cheese in five batch isolations. One hundred and forty grams of cheese were cut into pieces for each isolation and slurried with 360 ml 0.1% sodium phosphate buffer solution in a blender. Volatiles were also isolated from 500 ml of butterfat emulsion control sample (207. butterfat). 

Bowcott, J.E. and Schulman, J.H.(1955) Emulsions -control of droplet size and phase continuity in transparent oil-water dispersions stabilized with soap and alcohol. Z. Elektrochem., 59, 283. 

There are many industrial processes in which the formation of low internal phase or concentrated emulsions needs to be controlled in terms of formation, stability, destruction or prevention. Examples range from asphalt emulsions to personal care products, and to food products. Success in emulsion control requires achieving the right physical chemistry and also the right fluid mechanics. In addition to HLB (see Section 7.2.1), both the nature of the emulsification method and the oil-water ratio are critical in determining the produced emulsion type. It appears that the emulsification technique (applied shear and oil-water ratio) used can be of greater importance in determining the final emulsion type than the HLB values of the surfactants themselves. 

General and specific requirements for FPC together with minimum test frequencies for FPC, such as equipment calibration requirements, inspection and test frequencies for aggregates, inspection and test frequencies for bituminous emulsions, control of the water, control of the additives (including cement, lime, fibres and chemicals), controls during the process and installation of the slurry surfacing and inspection and test frequencies measured after installation, are given in CEN EN 12273 (2008), Annexes 6.A and 6.B. 

Wood can be modified by treating with orgaific biocides which have low solubility in water and their organic solution can be dispersed in water using surfactants to stabilize a mostly aqueous liquid-in-organic liquid emulsion. Controlled release formulations of antifouling moieties have been used for the protection of wood against... 

In this section the most common methodologies used to synthesize pH-responsive polymers are described. Summarizing, they are the emulsion polymerization (micro- and mini-emulsion), controlled living radical polymerization techniques (atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP),... 

JC Colbert. Foam and Emulsion Control Agents and Processes, Recent Developments. Part Ridge, NJ Noyes Data Corp., 1981. 

It is well known that the particle shape, size, and distribution of a latex or emulsion control the properties and end-use applications. Many types of latex are manufactured with a controlled and sometimes monodisperse distribution of particle sizes. These polymer liquids are wet and sticky, making specimen preparation for microscopy very difficult. Because particle size and shape are so important to properties, the preparation must focus on not changing the particles as found in the fluid state. Preparation includes simple methods (see Section 4.1) such as dropping a solution onto a specimen holder, staining/fixation (see Section 4.4), microtomy (see Section 4.3), and special cryo methods (see Section 4.9). All microscopy techniques can be used for these studies. This section is meant to provide a brief survey of the types of microscopy applications that have been found useful in the evaluation of emulsions, latexes, and their use as coatings and adhesives. 

Magdassi S, Garti N. 1986. A kinetic model for release of electrolytes from W/OAV multiple emulsions. / Controlled Release 3 273-277. 

Jager-Lezer N, Terrisse L, Bruneau F, Tokgoz S, Ferreira L, Clausse D, Seiller M, Grossiord J-L. 1997. Influence of lipophilic surfactant on the release kinetics of water-soluble molecules entrapped in a W/O/W multiple emulsion. / Controlled Release 45 1—13. 

Muguet V, Seiller M, Barratt G, Ozer O, Marty JP, Grossiord JL. 2001. Formulation of shear rate sensitive multiple emulsions. / Controlled Release 70 37-49. 

Olivieri L, Seiller M, Bromberg LE, Besnard M, Duong TNL, Grossiord JL. 2003. Optimization of the release under shear of a new thermally reversible W/OAV multiple emulsion. / Controlled Release 88 401 12... 

Fat Crystallization in 0/W Emulsions Controlled by Hydrophobic Emulsifier Additives... 

Uses Emulsifier for slow-setting cationic bitumen emulsions control additive for slurry seal... 

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