Emulsion active ingredients

Formulation of emulsion Active ingredient orange, mint, bergamot oil ... 

Product Concentrate. An aerosol s product concentrate contains the active ingredient and any solvent or filler necessary. Various propellent and valve systems, which must consider the solvency and viscosity of the concentrate—propellent blend, may be used to deUver the product from the aerosol container. Systems can be formulated as solutions, emulsions, dispersions, or pastes. 

Emulsions. Aerosol emulsions (qv) may be oil in water (o/w), such as shaving creams, or water in oil (w/o), such as air fresheners and pohshes. These aerosols consist of active ingredients, an aqueous or nonaqueous vehicle, a surfactant, and a propellant, and can be emitted as a foam or as a spray. 

Some hquid defoamers are preemulsified relatives of paste defoamers. In addition to the fatty components mentioned above, kerosene [8008-20-6] or an organic cosolvent such as 2-propanol have been used to enhance stabiUty of the oil—water emulsion and the solubiUty of the defoamer s active ingredients. These cosolvents are used less frequently as concerns increase about volatile organic emissions (VOCs) from the paper machine. Additionally, the use of ultrapure mineral oil in defoamers has become commonplace. Concern about the creation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) in the pulping process has led to the discovery of unchlorinated precursor molecules, especially in recycled mineral oil and other organic cosolvents used in defoamer formulations (28). In 1995 the mineral oil that is used is essentially free of dibenzodioxin and dibenzofuran. In addition, owing to both the concern about these oils and the fluctuating cost of raw materials, the trend in paper machine defoamers is toward water-based defoamers (29). 

The main purpose of pesticide formulation is to manufacture a product that has optimum biological efficiency, is convenient to use, and minimizes environmental impacts. The active ingredients are mixed with solvents, adjuvants (boosters), and fillers as necessary to achieve the desired formulation. The types of formulations include wettable powders, soluble concentrates, emulsion concentrates, oil-in-water emulsions, suspension concentrates, suspoemulsions, water-dispersible granules, dry granules, and controlled release, in which the active ingredient is released into the environment from a polymeric carrier, binder, absorbent, or encapsulant at a slow and effective rate. The formulation steps may generate air emissions, liquid effluents, and solid wastes. 

Micro emulsions based on a heparin-chitosan complex suitable for oral administration based on ingredients acceptable to humans were studied with or without biologically active ingredients. Appropriate mixing and modifications of these microemulsions lead to nanometer-sized heparin-chitosan complexes [108]. 

Diazinon SOW was applied by air blast sprayers in accordance with typical application practices for orchards. Application began in March and continued until early-to mid-July. Dormant sprays typically contained diazinon in an oil mixture. Aqueous emulsions were applied as foliar sprays thereafter. Eqmpment was calibrated to provide an application rate of 3.4 kg active ingredient (a.i.)ha At least five applications were made at approximately 2-week intervals. During these applications, 233 samples were taken from spray tanks across the four treatment fields to estimate the application rate in PA, and 244 samples were collected in WA. 

The granular treatment was applied on May 2nd, 1974 by spreading Treflan 5G commercial formulation from a conventional gravity fed spreader at a nominal rate of 0.7 kg/h of active ingredient. On May 8th, the emulsion-plot received 0.66 kg/h trifluralin as a spray of Treflan 4EC emulsifiable concentrate diluted with water according to commercial practice. (Note Mention of a proprietary product is for purposes of identification only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over products of a similar nature not mentioned). 

A very recent development is encapsulation of actives in colloidosomes [16, 41]. The method is analogous to liposome entrapment. Selectively permeable capsules are formed by surface-tension-driven deposition of solid colloidal particles onto the surface of an inner phase or active ingredient in a water-in-oil or an oil-in-water emulsion composed of colloidal particles. Initially synthetic polymer microparticles were used but more recently a natural alternative has been described based on small starch particles. After spray-drying, redispersible emulsions can be formed. 

The product we have selected for examination is an emulsion cream of the oil-in-water type. We will refer to this product as drug E. The directions for manufacture call for addition of the active ingredient to a methylcellulose solution,... 

Swedish Study. Occupational exposure to 2,U-D and 2,U,5-T was also studied in a forest situation in Sweden (23) The materials used were butoxy ethyl ester formulations of 2,U-D or of a 2 1 2,U-D/2,U,5-T mixture applied as a 2 emulsion in water using tractor drawn equipment. The spray was applied at a rate of 2 to 3 kilograms total active ingredient per hectare (1.8 to 2.7 lb/A) to a distance of about 20 meters from both sides of the tractor. Two areas of about 70 to 80 hectares were sprayed during the test week. The temperature was about 20°C from Monday through Thursday with little wind, and was 10-15°C on Friday with sporadic wind. 

Some agrochemicals are formulated as emulsifiable concentrates. Here active ingredients that are not very soluble in water are dissolved in a solvent that is, in turn, emulsified into the aqueous phase, either in the concentrate itself (an emulsion concentrate) or else upon dilution in the spray tank [865]. Some emulsion concentrates are designed so that when water is added to them they spontaneously emulsify to form an O/W microemulsion [225],... 

Microencapsulation can be used to provide a temporary barrier between a chemical species and its surrounding environment see also Section 14.3). This permits controlled (slow) release of the active agents following application. Depending on the product and the situation, an active ingredient such as a pesticide may need to be released slowly at low concentration, or slowly at high concentrations. Such controlled release can both reduce the number of crop applications that are required and also help prevent over use and subsequent run-off. The barrier can be provided by a polymer film, in the case of suspensions [867], or a liquid membrane, in the case of single or multiple emulsions [865], Microemulsions have also been used [234,865],... 

The ability to encapsulate active ingredients in emulsions, foams, and suspensions, is leading manufacturers to make personal care products that are also pharmaceutical, termed cosmeceuticals. Examples creams with anti-wrinkle properties, lotions with anti-baldness effects, and sunscreens that treat skin damage (see also Chapter 15). 

Although forming a protective barrier on the skin is important, some cosmetic products also contain physiologically active ingredients that will improve skin conditions only if they penetrate the skin [431], The active substance(s) can be encapsulated in the internal aqueous phase or the internal oleic phase depending on the type of emulsion and whether the active ingredient is lipophilic or hydrophilic. If the protective film is not to be broken then the active substance has to diffuse across the oleic layer that has been deposited on the skin surface [910], This diffusion will be approximately described by Fick s law (Section 5.5), but is complicated by the fact... 

Understanding surfactant phase behavior is important because it controls physical properties such as rheology and freeze-thaw stability of formulations. It is also closely related to the ability to form and stabilize emulsions and microemulsions. Micelles, vesicles, mi-croemulsions and liquid crystal phases have all been used as delivery vehicles for perfumes or other active ingredients. 

No systematic studies of the use of silicone surfactants as emulsifiers have yet been published. Silicone polyoxyalkylene copolymers with relatively high molecular weight and a high proportion of silicone are effective water-in-silicone oil emulsifiers and a recent study of these copolymers suggests that they stabilize emulsions by a solid-particle mechanism [68]. This type of silicone surfactant has been used to prepare transparent water-in-oil emulsions (often with an active ingredient in the internal phase) for use as deodorants or antiperspirants as well as cosmetics and other personal care products. Their use as drug delivery vehicles has also been claimed. These copolymers can also be used to prepare multiple emulsions not requiring a two-pot process. 

For incorporation of the active ingredient inside a liquid matrix (as a solution, emulsion, or suspension), the first step of encapsulation is the dispersion of this liquid as droplets, which can be classified into four categories. 

Although this natural substance is present in a number of plants, the sonrce of most rotenone nsed in the United States is the dried derris root imported from Central and South America. It is formulated as dusts, powders, and sprays (less than 5% active ingredient) for use in gardens and on food crops. Many prodncts contain piperonyl butoxide as synergist, and other pesticides are inclnded in some commercial products. Rotenone degrades rapidly in the enviromnent. Emulsions of rotenone are applied to lakes and ponds to kill fish. 

Emulsion breakers are typically specific for site or crude-oil type. Conventional emulsion breakers are most commonly formulated from the following types of chemistries polyglycols and polyglycol esters, ethoxylated alcohols and amines, ethoxylated resins, ethoxylated phenol formaldehyde resins, ethoxylated nonylphenols, polyhydric alcohols, and sulfonic acid salts. Commercial emulsion breakers may contain but one type of active ingredient or intermediate or a variety of intermediate types. 

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