Very Recent Developments

Since earlier reviews (20,21,37) are available, only very recent developments will be considered here. 

In a very recent development, Debuigne et at. of vinyl acetate at 30 °C mediated by Co"(acac)2 (121). They obtained predictable molecular weights up to Mn 100000 and dispersities < 1.3 and proposed a polymerization mechanism analogous to that shown in Scheme 9.27. The complex... 

Finally we mention the very recent development of a scale of directional substituent polarizability parameters from ab initio calculations of polarizability potentials135. It is expected that this scale of oa values will prove of considerable utility in correlation analysis, often in association with oF values. The o, value of S02Me is given as — 0.62 cf. H, 0.00 N02, - 0.26 COMe, - 0.55 SMe, - 0.68 t-Bu, - 0.75. 

It remains to construct an accurate ionic pseudopotential from first principles which will be appropriate for a variety of molecular environments. There have been some very recent developments in the construction of ab initio pseudopotentials and we will only discuss the fundamental strategies [55, 56]. 

Solid-state detectors based on silicon- or germanium-diodes possess better resolution than gas counters, particularly when cooled with liquid nitrogen, but they allow only very low count rates. PIN diodes have also recently become available and have been developed for the instruments used in the examination of Martian soils (Sects. 3.3 and 8.3). A very recent development is the so-called silicon-drift detector (SDD), which has very high energy resolution (up to ca. 130 eV) and large sensitive detection area (up to ca. 1 cm ). The SNR is improved by an order of magnitude compared to Si-PIN detectors. Silicon drift detectors may also be used in X-ray florescence spectroscopy, even in direct combination with Mossbauer spectroscopy (see Sects. 3.3 and 8.3). 

Although not a very recent development, measurement of U-series isotopes by gamma spectrometry is worth a mention here because of its increasing application to the dating of bones. About 50 mg, or less, of bone is required for a TIMS U-series measurement, although a bone section is required if profiles are to be measured for the application of the D-A model. Understandably, museum curators are reluctant to allow the most valuable specimens to be cut or drilled, so the non-destructive measurement of a U-series date is extremely advantageous. 

Applications SFE/ESE is a very recent development, which has been used to extract additives from LDPE/(BHT, BHEB, Isonox 129, Irganox 1010, Irganox 1076) with EtOAc/CH3CN (1 1) (ESE ) in combination with scC02 (SFE) [498]. 

Another very recent development in the field of enzymatic domino reactions is a biocatalytic hydrogen-transfer reduction of halo ketones into enantiopure epoxides, which has been developed by Faber, Bornscheuer and Kroutil. Interestingly, the reaction was carried out with whole lyophilized microbial cells at pH ca. 13. Investigations using isolated enzymes were not successful, as they lost their activity under these conditions [26]. 

In addition to Bronsted acid promoted Fischer-type glycosylations, Lewis acids have been investigated (Scheme 3.4). A variety of Lewis acids promote glycosylation under mild conditions, often in substoichiometric amounts. The earliest examples include ZnCl2 [18] and FeCl3 [19], although these readions were demonstrated only for preparation of trehalose-type disaccharides. Mukaiyama et al. have very recently developed metal triflate catalysts for the dehydrative glycosylation with... 

It should be mentioned that the quantitative figures for the indicators are based on the available historical data and that very recent developments may not be reflected in this analysis. In addition to the quantitative indicator approach, results of other studies were also taken into account (Amorelli et al., 2004 FHIRST, 2004 HySociety, 2004 OECD, 2005). 

A very recent development is encapsulation of actives in colloidosomes [16, 41]. The method is analogous to liposome entrapment. Selectively permeable capsules are formed by surface-tension-driven deposition of solid colloidal particles onto the surface of an inner phase or active ingredient in a water-in-oil or an oil-in-water emulsion composed of colloidal particles. Initially synthetic polymer microparticles were used but more recently a natural alternative has been described based on small starch particles. After spray-drying, redispersible emulsions can be formed. 

A very recent development (Ref 27) is also based on an EOS obtained from considerations of intermolecular potentials of the detonation products. As in JCZ-3, detonation parameters are calcd without recourse to curve-fitting to exptl data. Agreement of computed and measured D is claimed to be within 2%... 

It is impossible to list representative properties for the Reaction-Injection-Molded polyurethane structural foams, because their properties can be varied over a wide range depending on the specific application. The foams can be very tough, resilient, blown elastomers or highly rigid structural foams. Furthermore, very recent develop-... 

Carbon dioxide coordination chemistry is a very recent development in organometallic chemistry. The first claims for coordination complexes of C02 did not appear until 1969, and only recently have any number of well-characterized complexes been reported. Consequently, no sweeping generalizations can be made regarding the nature of C02 coordination complexes, but a few tentative guidelines can be inferred. 

Several groups have used Raman spectroscopy in combination with OCT, which is a rapid, high spatial resolution technique. OCT is used to identify suspicious areas of tissue and single-point Raman spectroscopy is used to confirm presence or absence of disease. Application to dental caries is discussed in Chap. 15. A very recent development is an integrated Raman/OCT probe [34], which is shown in Fig. 5.6. Using biopsied breast tissue, the instrument... 

The purpose of this review article is to familiarize the reader with recent developments in the molecular characterization of halobacterial proteins, starting with the methodology of their purification. Then we describe the biochemical and biophysical structural analyses of some enzymatic systems for which extensive knowledge has been accumulated. Finally, very recent developments in the field of the molecular genetics of halobacteria are discussed. For previous descriptions of the subject, the reader is referred to recent review articles already mentioned. Other reviews dealing with more specific issues will be mentioned throughout this article. 

This area has undergone very recent development, with List et al. first reporting the possibility of using ammonium salts as catalysts for the reduction of otf-unsaturated aldehyde in 2004 [12]. These authors used a Hantzsch ester 1 (commercially available) as the hydride source, and preliminary screening showed that several ammonium salts were able to catalyze the reduction in an efficient manner. Some typical examples are indicated in Scheme 11.4, where salt 2 serves as the catalyst. 

Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as well as Raman spectroscopy are well established as methods for structural analysis of compounds in solution or when adsorbed to surfaces or in any other state. Analysis of the spectra provides information of qualitative as well as of quantitative nature. Very recent developments, FTIR imaging spectroscopy as well as Raman mapping spectroscopy, provide important information leading to the development of novel materials. If applied under optical near-field conditions, these new technologies combine lateral resolution down to the size of nanoparticles with the high chemical selectivity of a FTIR or Raman spectrum. These techniques now help us obtain information on molecular order and molecular orientation and conformation [1],... 

CCSDT-la improves the CCSD result, but the errors are still unacceptably large. Even with CCSDT, the error for the 1 A, state is still 0.41 eV, while for the state it is only 0.09 eV. It is only by going to CCSDTQ that the errors for all states are satisfactorily low. Indeed, the highly accurate results for CCSDTQ represent a significant achievement for this very difficult system. Shiozaki et al. [57] have very recently developed a series of non-iterative approximations to CCSDT and CCSDTQ and applied them to CH+, C2, and H2CO. 

The mode of action of vanadyl(IV) ion in mimicking insulin is not clearly defined. It has been speculated that V02+.may be inhibiting cellular phosphatases33. Since alkaline phosphatase is strongly inhibited by V02+ 68, the metal may have a functional role in regulating phosphatase activity in cells. In a very recent development, insulin has been found to stimulate phosphorylation with orthophosphate of the 95,000 molecular weight... 

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