Volatile organic emissions

Some hquid defoamers are preemulsified relatives of paste defoamers. In addition to the fatty components mentioned above, kerosene [8008-20-6] or an organic cosolvent such as 2-propanol have been used to enhance stabiUty of the oil—water emulsion and the solubiUty of the defoamer s active ingredients. These cosolvents are used less frequently as concerns increase about volatile organic emissions (VOCs) from the paper machine. Additionally, the use of ultrapure mineral oil in defoamers has become commonplace. Concern about the creation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) in the pulping process has led to the discovery of unchlorinated precursor molecules, especially in recycled mineral oil and other organic cosolvents used in defoamer formulations (28). In 1995 the mineral oil that is used is essentially free of dibenzodioxin and dibenzofuran. In addition, owing to both the concern about these oils and the fluctuating cost of raw materials, the trend in paper machine defoamers is toward water-based defoamers (29). 

R. E. Kenson, "Control of Volatile Organic Emissions," Bulletin 1015, Series 1000, Met-Pro Corp., 1981. 

EPA, 1992, U.S. EPA, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Control Techniques for Volatile Organic Emissions from Stationary Sources, EPA-453/R-92-018, Research Triangle Park, NC, December. 

Catalytic Oxidation - a Way to Treat Volatile Organic Emissions... 

Bayer CW, Black MS, Galloway LM. 1988. Sampling and analysis techniques for trace volatile organic emissions from consumer products. J Chromatogr Sci 26(4) 168-173. 

Kim, B.R., Kalis, E.M., DeWulf T., and Andrews, K.M. Henry s law constants for paint solvents and their implications on volatile organic emissions from antomotive painting. Water Environ. Res., 72(l) 65-74, 2000. 

Monson, R. K M. T. Lerdau, T. D. Sharkey, D. S. Schimel, and R. Fall, Biological Aspects of Constructing Volatile Organic Emission Inventories, Atmos. Environ., 29, 2989-3002 (1995). 

ASTM (2001) D6670-01. Standard Guide for Full-Scale Chamber Determinations of Volatile Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/Products, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia,... 

Testing volatile organic emissions to air from construction materials and consumer products used indoors is the subject of intensive standard method development at the current time. Most of the world s leading national and international standards agencies are involved to a greater or lesser extent. There are several reasons for this sudden burst of activity. Top of the list are recent regulatory developments such as ... 

California Dept of Health Services The Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS) Section 01350 Standard practice for the testing of volatile organic emissions from various sources using small-scale environmental chambers ... 

Heaters that are not vented to the exterior have the potential to act as indoor pollutant sources, especially gas heaters. While emissions of carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide have received investigation for more than a decade, it has been found that low-NOx unflued gas heaters can act as sources of formaldehyde to indoor air (Brown, Mahoney and Cheng, 2004). Table 16.10 summarizes volatile organic emissions from an unflued gas heater (A) where it was apparent... 

Table 16.10 Volatile organic emissions from two unflued gas heaters operating at 5-7 MJ h"1 in 33.5 m3 room chamber at 25 °C, 50% RH and 2 air changes per hour.

California Department of Health Services (2004) Standard Practice for the Testing of Volatile Organic Emissions from Various Sources Using Small-Scale Environmental Chambers, California Health and Human Services Agency, California, USA. 

Within chemical and petro-chemical plants, conservation vents and goose-neck vents protect many low-pressure tanks. This was especially true in the period 1960—1980, when industry tolerated minor volatile organic emissions. Some of these tanks did not have an overflow line. 

American Society for Testing and Materials (2001) Standard practice for full-scale chamber determination of volatile organic emissions from indoor materials/products. ASTM D 6670-01. ASTM International. West Conhohocken, PA... 

Chemicals Affected By Standards of Performance for Volatile Organic Emissions from Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry Distillation Operations (2-butoxyethanol)... 

The reviews by Spivey [3] and by Jennings et al. [156] are excellent sources for further details on catalytic incineration of volatile organics emissions. Spivey [3] describes two types of techniques for removal of VOC from off-gases, namely one without preheater and one with a direct flame preheater. From an economically point of view it is more beneficial to carry out the catalytic oxidation at lower temperatures. In a catalytic incinerator, sometimes called an afterburner, VOCs are oxidized into carbon dioxide and water. The efficiency is about 70-90%. The incinerator has a preheat burner, a mixing chamber, a catalyst bed, and a heat recovery equipment. Temperatures of about 590 K are sirfficient for the destruction of VOCs. Various catalyst geometries have been used metal ribbons, spherical pellets, ceramic rods, ceramic honeycombs, and metal honeycombs. Precious metals such as platinum and palladium are often used in catalytic incinerators. 

This book is for facilities that produce hazardous substances, store them, or transfer them to and from transportation terminals Contents indude hazard controls lor processes and equipment, secondary containment, aboveground and underground tanks, material transfer, dust control, wastewater emissions, preventative practices, siting and layout, detection and warning systems, and volatile organic emissions... 

Catalysts in thin-wall honeycomb form offer the advantages of low pressure drop, high geometric surface area, and short diffusion distance as compared to conventional pellets and beads in fixed bed reactors (1). Active zeolite catalysts may be extruded in the form of a honeycomb structure or they may be washcoated on ceramic honeycomb substrates. The latter technique has been widely used in automotive emissions control (2), woodstove combustors (3), control of volatile organic emissions from organic solvents (4), ozone abatement in jet aircraft passenger cabins (5), and N0x abatement... 

Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Existing Stationary Sources" U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Pub. EPA 450/2-76-028 (OAQPS No. 1.2-067), Nov. 1976 Vol, T. 

Volatile organic emissions of an Otto engine (Dulson 1981)... 

Hunter, E, Oyama, S.T. (2000), Control of Volatile Organic Emissions Conventional and Emerging Technologies, John Wiley Sons, New York. 

Replacement of organic solvents by water in several manufacturing steps in the pharmaceutical industry has reduced volatile organic emissions by 100% and has repaid the engineering cost for the new process by savings within one year. 

Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Solvent Metal Cleaning, EPA, 450/2-77-022, Nov. 1977. 

The environmental impacts of both the solvent to be replaced and the replacement solvent are considered using two indexes an air index and an overall environmental index. Since the object here is to formulate substitute solvents that have better environmental performance, the indexes for the solvent to be replaced are not matched but are rather treated as an upper bound on the indexes of the acceptable replacement. This insures that the replacement solvent is environmentally better than the original solvent as measured by the indexes. The inherent toxic effects of the solvent and the toxic effects due to volatile organic emissions are considered separately because, when chemicals are mixed, their volatility changes due to the non-idealities in the mixture. Therefore, a chemical that has low risk by inhalation due to low volatility in pure form can have a much higher volatility and a much higher risk when mixed with other chemicals. The air index,... 

Most significant environmental issues with respect to block copolymer S5m-thesis relate to manufacturing process, taste and odor issues in end use, and solid waste in final disposal of these pol5uners. Manufacturing process issues relate to industrial hygiene, exposure, and volatile organic emissions. In end use, block copolymer/polystyrene blends tend to have taste and odor issues, especially for sensitive food packaging applications. 

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