Emollient

The physicochemical nature of the oil phase components in a cosmetic emulsion, the emollients, determines the skin-care effects, such as smoothing, spreading, sensorial appearance. Test methods have been developed to characterize and classify the numerous emollients available on the market, such as silicones, paraffins, and oleochemical-based products. The latter include glycerides, esters, alcohols, ethers, and carbonates with tailor-made structures, depending on the performance needed (Table 4.8). However, especially with regard to additional effects, there is still a demand for new products with unique performance properties. 

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Spermaceti is a wax obtained from the sperm whale It contains among other materials an ester known as cetyl palmitate which is used as an emollient in a number of soaps and cosmetics The systematic name for cetyl palmi tate IS hexadecyl hexadecanoate Write a structural formula for this substance... 

Emley Plasticimeter Emmerich method Emolliency Emollients Emovil... 

These surfactants, in conjunction with soap, produce bars that may possess superior lathering and rinsing in hard water, greater lather stabiUty, and improved skin effects. Beauty and skin care bars are becoming very complex formulations. A review of the Hterature clearly demonstrates the complexity of these very mild formulations, where it is not uncommon to find a mixture of synthetic surfactants, each of which is specifically added to modify various properties of the product. Eor example, one approach commonly reported is to blend a low level of soap (for product firmness), a mild primary surfactant (such as sodium cocoyl isethionate), a high lathering or lather-boosting cosurfactant, eg, cocamidopropyl betaine or AGS, and potentially an emollient like stearic acid (27). Such benefits come at a cost to the consumer because these materials are considerably more expensive than simple soaps. 

Abbreviations of prominent use properties of the various classes of commercial surfactants are shown in Table 1. Antimicrobial activity includes germicidal, bactericidal, and bacteriostatic effects emolliency describes lubrication or a soft feel imparted to skin by surfactants a hair conditioner is a substantive surfactant appHed from aqueous solution to impart a lubricating or antistatic effect and opacifters are used to thicken hand-dishwashing products and cosmetic preparations to convey an appearance of high concentration and to retard solvent drainage from foam. 

In principle, emulsified sunscreen products are similar to emollient skin-care products in which some of the emollient Hpids are replaced by uv absorbers. The formulation of an effective sunscreen product generally requites combination of a uvB and a uvA absorber if an SPF above about 12 is desired. Two or more of the sunscreens Hsted in Table 13 normally constitute about one-half of the nonvolatiles found in sunscreen lotions. The other half consists of an em ollient (solvent) and emulsifying and bodying agents. If water-resistant quaUties are desired, polymeric film formers, for example, acrylates—octylacrylamide copolymers [9002-93-1] or water-repellent Hpids, for example, dimetbicone [9006-65-9] are included. 

The solubihty characteristics of sodium acyl isethionates allow them to be used in synthetic detergent (syndet) bars. Complex blends of an isethionate and various soaps, free fatty acids, and small amounts of other surfactants reportedly are essentially nonirritant skin cleansers (66). As a rule, the more detersive surfactants, for example alkyl sulfates, a-olefin sulfonates, and alkylaryl sulfonates, are used in limited amounts in skin cleansers. Most skin cleansers are compounded to leave an emollient residue on the skin after rinsing with water. Free fatty acids, alkyl betaines, and some compatible cationic or quaternary compounds have been found to be especially useful. A mildly acidic environment on the skin helps control the growth of resident microbial species. Detergent-based skin cleansers can be formulated with abrasives to remove scaly or hard-to-remove materials from the skin. 

Elec.) step-up transformer, aufwaschen, v.t. wash, cleanse, scour, aufweichen, v.t. moisten, wet, soak soften temper (colors).—v.i. soak soften.—auf-weichend, p.a. emollient, aufweisen, v.t. show, exhibit, display, aufweiten, v.t. widen, stretch, expand, aufwenden, v.t. employ, devote, spend. Aufwendung,/. employment expenditure, outlay,... 

Erwartungswert, m. expectancy value, expectancy expected value, erweeken, v.t. wakeu rouse, animate, erwehren, .r. keep off, restrain, erweichen, v.t. i. soften soak plasticize mellow. — erweichend, p.a. softening emollient, demulcent. 

Erweichung, /. softening mollification. Erweichungs-mittelf n. softening agent, softener (P/inrm.) emollient, demulcent, -punkt, m. softening point. 

IMPAIRED SKIN INTEGRITY. The nurse inspects die skin every 4 hours for redness, rash, or lesions that appear as red wheals or blisters. When a skin rash or irritation is present, die nurse administers frequent skin care Emollients, antipyretic creams, or a topical corticosteroid may be prescribed. An antihistamine may be prescribed. Harsh soaps and perfumed lotions are avoided. The nurse instructs the patient to avoid nibbing the area and not to wear rough or irritating clothing. 

A laxative is most often prescribed for the short-term relief or prevention of constipation. Certain stimulant, emollient, and saline laxatives are used to evacuate the colon for rectal and bowel examinations. Fecal softeners or mineral oil are used prophylactically in patients who should not strain during defecation, such as after anorectal surgery or a myocardial infarction. Psyllium may be used in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and diverticular disease. Fblycarbophil may be prescribed for constipation or diarrhea associated with irritable bowel syndrome and diverticulosis. Mineral oil is... 

Emollient laxatives lubricate the intestinal walls and soften the stool, thereby enhancing passage of fecal material. Mineral oil is an emollient laxative. 

Fiscal softeners promote water retention in the fecal mass and soften the stool. One difference between emollient laxatives and fecal softeners is that the emollient laxatives do not promote the retention of water in the stool. Examples of fecal softeners include docusate sodium (Cblace)and docusate caldum (Surfak). 

Stearyl alcohol also is used as an emollient (skin softener), emulsifier, and thickener in creams and lotions. 

Glycerin is used in many skin creams and medicines, such as eye and ear drops, poison ivy creams, suppositories, and contraceptive jellies. It is also used as an emollient (skin softener) in soaps. 

The emollient isopropyl palmitate is used as a skin softener, moisturizer, and antistatic agent. 

The saponification process results in about 75 percent soap and 25 percent glycerin. In homemade soaps, the glycerin is left in, as it acts as an emollient (skin softener) and creates a nice feel. In commercial soaps, the glycerin is often removed and sold separately, sometimes showing up in skin moisturizers that remedy soap s skin-drying effects. 

Glycerin is added as an emollient and texture enhancer. Sorbitol is another emollient that is often used along with glycerin because it makes the soap more transparent. Titanium dioxide is added to make the soap opaque. 

Silicones are used as emollients (skin softeners), as lubricants, as thickeners, and as volatile liquids that make coatings feel smooth but evaporate without leaving a greasy residue. 

The reaction product with monoethanolamine acts as a thickening agent [41,101] and with alcohols as an emollient [40]. Also reaction products with amino acids and oligo- or polypeptides for use in cosmetic formulations are known [43]. Sorbitan esters from ether carboxylates are described as emulsifiers or mild surfactants in cosmetic formulations [39] and alkyl ether carboxylic acid taurides as nonirritant anionic surfactants for cosmetic cleaners in particular [44]. Using unsaturated ether carboxylates it is possible to make viscous formulations based on combinations of unsaturated and saturated ether carboxylates [111]. Highly purified alkyl ether carboxylates based on alcohol ethoxylates with low free alcohol content have also been described [112]. 

DOSS itself is used as a laxative and cermumenolytic drug [71]. It is included in over-the-counter hematinic vitamin and mineral preparations to counteract the constipating effect of the iron contained in these products. In combination with anthrachinones, widespread use as catharic and emollient laxative is indicated [71-75]. 

Patients of varying skin types (1-V) having striae distensae alba on the abdomen or thighs can apply topical 20% glycolic acid daily to the entire treatment area. In addition, these patients apply 10% L-ascorbic acid, 2% zinc sulfate, and 0.5% tyrosine to half of the treatment area and 0.05% tretinoin emollient cream to the other half of the treatment area. The creams are applied on a daily basis for 12 weeks. Improvement is evaluated at 4 and 12 weeks with increased elastin content within the reticular and papillary dermis [14]. 

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