Retardation solvents

Abbreviations of prominent use properties of the various classes of commercial surfactants are shown in Table 1. Antimicrobial activity includes germicidal, bactericidal, and bacteriostatic effects emolliency describes lubrication or a soft feel imparted to skin by surfactants a hair conditioner is a substantive surfactant appHed from aqueous solution to impart a lubricating or antistatic effect and opacifters are used to thicken hand-dishwashing products and cosmetic preparations to convey an appearance of high concentration and to retard solvent drainage from foam. 

The free-radical nature of ATRP is well established through a number of studies [Matyjaszewski et al., 2001], The effects of inhibitors and retarders, solvents, and chain-transfer agents are the same in ATRP as in conventional radical polymerization. The regio-selectivity, stereoselectivity, and copolymerization behaviors are also the same. 

Triphenylphosphate is a colorless, odorless, crystalline solid (mp, 49°C bp, 245°C). It is moderately toxic. A similar, but much more toxic, compound is tri-o-cresyl-phosphate (TOCP), an aryl phosphate ester with a notorious record of poisonings.3 Before its toxicity was fully recognized, TOCP was a common contaminant of commercial tricresylphosphate. Tricresylphos-phate is an industrial chemical with numerous applications and consists of a mixture of phosphate esters in which the hydrocarbon moieties are meta and para cresyl substituents. It has been used as a lubricant, gasoline additive, flame retardant, solvent for nitrocellulose, plasticizer, and even a cooling fluid for machine guns. Although modem commercial tricresylphosphate contains less than 1% TOCP, contaminant levels of up to 20% in earlier products have resulted in severe poisoning incidents. 

Stoppers and septa in cartridges and syringes are typically composed of elastomeric materials. An overwrap may be used with flexible bags to retard solvent loss and to protect the flexible packaging system from rough handling. 

Addition of a hlgh-bolllng (retarder) solvent to the mix. This Is the approach taken for polymer films. It must be utilized judiciously with membranes because It can lead to loss of porosity. The presence of a solvent as the last liquid component to leave the scene prevents precipitation. 

Butoxyethanol acetate is primarily used as a high-boiling, retarder solvent (i.e., an active, slow-evaporating solvent which ensures smooth film formation) for nitrocellulose lacquers, acrylic enamels, epoxy resins, and multicolor lacquers (Leaf 1985 as cited in NIOSH 1990 Lewis 1993). 2-Butoxyethanol acetate is also a film-coalescing aid for polyvinyl acetate latex and is used in some ink and spot remover... 

What then is the effect of adding a macromolecular cryoprotectant to this system Such agents are effective at doses nearly stoichiometric with the catalase concentration and we interpret their effect as similar to that of increasing the enzyme concentration or to adding albumin to enzyme solutions, as is commonly done in biochemistry, to improve stability. The generic effect is to increase macromolecular interactions which retard solvent-solute inactivation. 

Ektapro EEP Solvent. [Eastnum] Ethyl 3-ethoxypropionate retarder solvent for formubdng enamels, lacqums, tt oats, primers. 

USE As plasticizer in vinyl plastics manuf, as flame-retardant, solvent for nitrocellulose, in cellulosic molding compositions, as additive to extreme pressure Lubricants, as a nonflammable fluid in hydraulic systems, as lead scavenger in gasoline Yust, Bame, U4S. pat. 2,889,212 (1959 to Shell) to sterilize certain surgical instruments ... 

Ektapro EEP Solvent. [Eastman] Ethyl 3-edtoxyprc ionate retarder solvent f(HT fomuilating enamels, lacquws, topcoats, primers. 

Impact strength, HDT, flame retardance, solvent resistance, compatibility, and surface appearance... 

A further complication arises when the surfactant is not confined to the surfactant films but has significant solubility in one of the solvents. This retards solvent diffusion due to solvation. The effect occurs in general for weakly amphiphilic, mainly short alkyl chain, surfactants. Another example is that of nonionic ethylene oxide (EO) surfactants, which have a relatively high monomer solubility in oil, especially at higher temperatures. 

Uses Retarder, solvent for coatings, lacquers, screen inks Features Very slow-evaporating... 

Chem. Descrip. Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate CAS 108-65-6 EINECS/ELINCS 2( 03-9 Uses Retarder, solvent for gravure inks, lacquers, thinners, baking enamels solvent for screen inks, cosmetics, food-contact applies., coating polymers (CAB, NC, epoxy, acrylic copolymers, phenoxy resins), cleaning fluids, automotive paints process solvent for resin mtg., urethanes Features Slow evaporating... 

Chem. Descrip. Polypropoxy quat. ammonium acetate Uses Antislat conditioner for hair rinse preparations emulsifier tor cosmetics and textile flame retardants solvent for phenolic-type germiddes for cosmetics and toiletries antistat for syn. fibers and plastics tabric conditioner lubricant for textile and industrial formulations solvent dean-ing and scouring agent corrosion inhibitor in protective coatings pigment dispersant in nonaq. media o/w emulsifier Properties Lt. amber oily liq. sol. 25% in ethanol, IPA, acetone, MEK water-disp. sp.gr. 1.02 flash pt. > 93 C (PMCC) pH 6.5 cationic 99% solids... 

Uses Solvent for polymerization, esp. high-solids acrylics retarder solvent for coatings let-down solvent for thinning synthetic coating resins, esp. moisture-sensitive resins for PU coatings air-dry and baking finishes intermediate for vitamin B,... 

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