Embedded components Applications

On a larger scale, self-contained application programs can be driven by each other object linking and embedding/Component Object Model (OLE/COM), UNIX pipes and signals, and Apple events allow this to happen. Communicating components can be written in different languages, and each can execute in its own space. 

In Reference 1, it is stated that the ratio between passive and active components is about 9 1 for a mobile phone. Furtirermore, the passives occupy 80% of the space and account for 70% of the cost. Three hxmdred components is tire average passive component count in cellular phones. Road maps for these applications show a clear trend toward higher integration on tire chip side. From six ICs necessary for the phone fimction in 1998, it decreased to one for the third generation of cell phones in 2004 [2]. According to a study by Prismark [3], the need for the embedded component density will grow to about 30 passives/cm in the year 2010. 

Damm, W., Volintseva, A., Metzner, A., Josko, B., Peikenkamp, T., Bode, E. Boosting Re-use of Embedded Automotive Applications Through Rich Components. In Proceedings of the Foundation of Interface Technology Workshop. Elsevier Science B.V, Amsterdam (2005)... 

Xu, J.W., Wong, C.P., 2005. Dielectric behavior of ultrahigh-k carbon black composites for embedded capacitor applications. In Electronic Components and Technology Conference, 2005. Proceedings IEEE 55th, pp. 1864—1869. 

FMEA is applicable to any system or equipment, at any desired level of design detail— subsystem, assembly, unit, or component. FMEA is generally performed at the assembly or unit level, because failure rates are more readily available for the individual embedded components. The FMEA can provide a quantitative reliability prediction for the assembly or unit that can be used in a quantitative safety analysis (e.g., FT). FMEA tends to be more hardware and process oriented but can be used for software analysis when evaluating the failure of software functions. 

We have already briefly described a popular application of amperometry in Chapter 13. This was the electrochemical detector used in HPLC methods. In this application, the eluting mobile phase flows across the working electrode embedded in the wall of the detector flow cell. With a constant potential applied to the electrode (one sufficient to cause oxidation or reduction of mixture components), a current is detected when a mixture component elutes. This current translates into the chromatography peak... 

Joensuu, H. and Kallioniemi, O. P. (1989) Different opinions on classification of DNA histograms produced from paraffin-embedded tissue. Cytometry 10,711-717. van Dam, P. A., Watson, J. V., Lowe, D. G., and Shepherd, J. H. (1992) Flow cytometric measurement of cell components other than DNA virtues, limitations, and applications in gynecologic oncology. Obstet. Gynecol. 79,616-621. 

It is important to note that the application of electrochemical methods to the analysis of samples of art objects and archaeological artifacts allows much more than only simple identification of certain constituents advanced methods of speciation may provide information about constituents that are only slightly differing in then-composition, or for which there are only slight differences in the matrices in which the components are embedded. Further, redox speciation—and in the case of solid samples, phase speciation—can be used to derive information on production processes or corrosion (deterioration) of the components in the time that passed since their formation. The second part of this chapter is devoted to illustrating the capabilities of advanced speciation strategies. 

Equation (7) describes the transformation of the set of basis vectors ei e2 e31 that are firmly embedded in configuration space and were originally coincident with fixed orthonormal axes x y z prior to the application of the symmetry operator R(n (3 7). In eq. (8) the column matrix x y z) contains the variables x y z, which are the components of the vector r = OP and the coordinates of the point P. In eq. (9) the row matrix (x y z contains the functions x y z (for example, the angle-dependent factors in the three atomic p functions px, py, pz). 

Recent research has explored a wide variety of filler-matrix combinations for ceramic composites. For example, scientists at the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute have been studying a composite made of silicon carbide fibers embedded in a silicon carbide matrix for use in high-temperature applications, such as spacecraft components and nuclear fusion facilities. Other composites that have been tested include silicon nitride reinforcements embedded in silicon carbide matrix, carbon fibers in boron nitride matrix, silicon nitride in boron nitride, and silicon nitride in titanium nitride. Researchers are also testing other, less common filler and matrix materials in the development of new composites. These include titanium carbide (TiC), titanium boride (TiB2), chromium boride (CrB), zirconium oxide (Zr02), and lanthanum phosphate (LaP04). 

The special needs of the space program motivated the search for composite materials for other reasons also. For example, during tests of the first Atlas ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missile), engineers were concerned that the rocket s metallic components would not survive the missile s reentry into the atmosphere they feared it would melt down because of the intense heat to which it was exposed. By the late 1950s, therefore, aerospace researchers had begun to look for satisfactory substitutes for metal alloys for such applications. With that research, the modern held of composite design was horn. One of the first composites tested consisted of pieces of glass embedded in melamine, purported to be the first composite material developed for aerospace applications. 

Although few applications have so far been found for ceramic matrix composites, they have shown considerable promise for certain military applications, especially in the manufacture of armor for personnel protection and military vehicles. Historically, monolithic ("pure") ceramics such as aluminum oxide (Al203), boron carbide (B4C), silicon carbide (SiC), tungsten carbide (WC), and titanium diboride (TiB2) have been used as basic components of armor systems. Research has now shown that embedding some type of reinforcement, such as silicon boride (SiBg) or silicon carbide (SiC), can improve the mechanical properties of any of these ceramics. 

Current polymeric materials are inadequate to fully meet all requirements for the various different types of membranes (cf. Section 2.2) or to exploit the new opportunities for application of membranes. Mixed-matrix membranes, comprising inorganic materials (e.g., metal oxide, zeolite, metal or carbon particles) embedded in an organic polymer matrix, have been developed to improve the performance by synergistic combinations of the properties of both components. Such improvement is either with respect to separation performance (higher selectivity or permeability) or with respect to membrane stability (mechanical, thermal or chemical). 

Sufficient titanate leads to a fully hardened polymer. Using only enough titanate to react with free hydroxyls, the resin may subsequently be cured at lower cost with conventional cross-linking agents. The titanated epoxy resin has a low power factor, which is important in electrical applications, eg, potting components and insulation (see Embedding). Titanates improve adhesion of metals to epoxies. 

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