Positive electrodes, materials for lithium

Meunier G, Dormoy R, Levasseur A (1989) New positive-electrode materials for Lithium... 

A Review of Positive Electrode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries... 

Table 10.2 Properties of few commonly used positive electrode materials for lithium-ion cell...

Sun YK et al (2005) Synthesis and characterization of Li[(Nio.8Coo.iMno.i)o.8(Nio.5Mno.5)o.2] O2 with the microscale core-shell structure as the positive electrode material for lithium batteries. J Am Chem Soc 127 13411... 

Xiang J, Chang C, Li M et al (2007) A novel coordination pol5mier as positive electrode material for lithium ion battery. Cryst Growth Des 8(l) 280-282... 

The metal oxides used to make positive electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries commonly include lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium manganese oxide, vanadium oxide, and various others, such as iron oxides. Positive electrode materials of 5 V and polyanion-type positive electrode materials (so far mainly referring to lithium iron phosphate, LiFeP04) have also been investigated. Among the primary materials for these positive electrode materials, cobalt is the most expensive, followed by nickel and then manganese and vanadium. As a result, the prices of positive electrode materials are basically in line with the market prices of the primary materials. The structures of these positive electrode materials are mainly layered, spinel, and oliven. 

The LiCo02 obtained by the spray-drying method has low crystallinity and cannot be used directly as a positive electrode material for lithium-ion... 

At first, lithium-ion batteries used LiCo02 as the positive electrode material. However, the natural sources of Co are limited, and it is expensive. As a result, the application field of lithium-ion batteries is very limited, and it is necessary to develop other kinds of positive electrode materials with high performance and low cost. LiNi02 is one possible alternative for LiCo02 as a positive electrode material for lithium-ion batteries [1]. Its practical capacity can be 190-210 mAh/g, which is much higher than that of LiCo02, and its effect on the environment is much less adverse. 

Lithium ferrous(II) phosphate (LiFeP04) is a positive electrode material for lithium-ion batteries, which, so far, has been mainly used in power lithium-ion batteries [1]. It is commonly called lithium iron(II) phosphate and is also used in fertilizers. In 1996, the Japanese NTT Corporation disclosed for the first time an olivine structured compound, A MP04 (A is an alkali metal and M a combination of Co and Fe) as a positive electrode material for lithium-ion batteries. In 1997, Prof. John B. Goodenough and his group at the University of Texas at Austin, United States, reported the characteristics of reversible lithium intercalation/deintercalation into/from LiFeP04. However, at the initial stage, this positive electrode material did not raise much attention since its electronic and ionic conductivities are very low and... 

Excellent safety, including thermal stability at low or elevated temperature. It is the safest positive electrode material for lithium-ion batteries. 

The main positive electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries, LiCo02, LiNi02, LiMn204, and LiFeP04, were discussed in Chapters 2 through 5. In this chapter, several other important positive electrode materials will be discussed, including Li-rich layered Mn oxides, phosphates, sulfates, silicates, borates, titanates, V2O5, and other oxides [1]. 

It has been reported that the Li-rich layered oxide material Li2Mn03 LiM02 (M = Co, Ni) exhibits a discharge capacity of >280 mAh/g when operated above 4.7 V, which is about twice that of current commercial positive electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries, making it a promising candidate for a positive electrode material. 

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