Electrode positioning angles

In this handbook the official AWS method is used to define the positioning angles of the electrodes (EN added). 

Two angles are indicated the feed angle and the work angle. 

The feed angle is called TO BE PUSHED when the electrode points in the feed direction. 

The feed angle Is called TO BE PULLED when the electrode points In opposite direction to the feed. 

The work angle Is given In relation to a reference plane or work plane. 

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The movement of the melted metal towards the back of the crater and its form provide the operator with a means of continuous quality control, without interrupting the arc. The essential variables by which the operator interprets the fusion bath on which he must intervene to prevent welding defects are electrode diameter, current, arc length, feed speed and electrode positioning angles. 

Figure 10 is a pictorial representation of the space between the cell and electrode surface (the drawing is not to scale) [31]. Following complete fusion of a spherical intracellular vesicle to the plasma membrane, the surface area of the vesicle creates a disk-shaped pore with a radius of 2r. The contents of the vesicle diffuse from this disk and spread at an angle, 9, until they reach the surface of the carbon fiber electrode positioned at a distance, h, away from the cell surface. The electrochemical reaction occurs at an area defined by r, which is representative of the size of each detected vesicle. This being the case, the quantity is related to the vesicle radius and the cell/electrode distance (h) by Eq. (3) [31]. 

Fig. 10 Estimation of the tilt angle for an alkane between gold electrodes, determined by fitting the computed IETS spectrum with the experiment (panel b below). Result is a 40 degree tilt angle perpendicular to the plane of the carbon chain, as illustrated in the lighter shade structure in the sketch (b) above. Sketch (a) above and panel (a) below refer to the alkane tilted in the plane of the carbon chain. The structures in sketch (a) do not fit so well an those in (b), suggesting the methyl group position shown in (b) above. From [107], Reproduced by permission of the PCCP Owner Societies...

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