Electro-optic sensors

Taking a product from development to successful PMA usually requires at least seven years. The average time to FDA approval once all required testing is completed and submitted for review is 2-5 years [2. Lewin, N. Faster approvals seen for drug and device combination products. BBI Newsletter 2003 26(9).] Given the time and expense involved, a company must try to predict whether their product, nearly a decade in the future, will fill a significant market need and be profitable. Examples of PMA devices approved in the past include an artificial urinary sphincter a penile infiatable implant and electro-optical sensors for in vivo detection of cervical cancer. [3. http //www.fda.gov/cdrh/devadvice/pma/ (accessed October 2005).]... 

The AN/KAS-IA provides standoff chemical agent detection capability for surface ships and has also been adapted to fixed-site shore facilities. It is a forward looking infrared (FLIR) based Electro-optic sensor that can remotely detect the presence of some chemical warfare agents. It also provides night vision capability for shipboard security. The standard shipboard installation consists of two AN/KAS-IA s (except for the smallest ships, which have one). Approximately 600 are deployed on surface ships. 

Terahertz Signal Generation and Detection, Optical Rectification, and Electro-Optic Sensors... 

Detection, in this context, refers to the entire observation part (detection, recognition, identification and classification) of the reconnaissance process. Detection immediately implies that some kind of sensor is observing a scene. Sensors (or detectors) could be broadly grouped as human senses, optical sensors, electro-optical sensors and a group labelled other (Fig. 5.5). We shall focus on optical sensors, while the forrrth group of sensors, labelled other , will not be discrrssed here. All of these sensors provide information to the hitman s senses, in order to enhance the human s situational awareness. 

This type of cell is widely used for GEO satellites and LEO satellites. These cells are manufactured by Eagle-Pitcher Technology Corp. in the United States. In both cases, primary power is supplied by solar panels. When orbit brings the satellite into the earth s shadow, which represents an eclipse, the battery starts to deliver electrical energy to various electrical components and electronic and electro-optic sensors. The solar panels will subsequently recharge the secondary batteries during the sunlit periods. 

As mentioned previously, a UAV drone is equipped with electro-optical sensors, infrared cameras, RF/mm-wave systems, and a host of other sensors to accomplish mission objectives during a specified duration that could last from 1 to 4 h. A PEM-based fuel cell (shown in Figure 3.5) with 3 to 5 kW capacity is adequate for a UAV provided it does not deploy a side-looking radar aboard the vehicle. If a sidelooking radar is essential for a specified mission, then a fuel cell with a capacity of 7.5 kW is required. The PEM-based fuel cell can maintain the same output power level over 4 to 6 h. 

Low-power and miniaturized electronic, electrical, infrared, and electro-optical sensors require miniaturized power sources or batteries to keep their size and weight to a minimum. The miniaturized power sources are nothing but three-dimensional (3D), thin-film microbatteries (MBs). Specific structural details of such a battery are illustrated in Figure 6.1. Deployment of conformal thin-film structures provides distinct advantages over conventional miniaturized structures. Additionally, the planar two-dimensional (2D) thin-film batteries cannot be classified as MBs, because they require large footprints of a few square centimeters to achieve a reasonable battery capacity. Studies performed by the author on miniaturized structures reveal that the maximum energy available from a thin-film battery is about 2 J/cm. Commercial thin-film batteries with a 3 cm footprint have a capacity of 0.4 mAh, which comes to about 0.133 mAh/cm. Thus, the 3D, thin-film, Li-ion, MB can meet the power requirements for low-power, miniaturized... 

The data presented in Table 7.14 reveal that Ni-Cd batteries exhibit slow selfdischarge as a function of ambient temperature. It is possible that these batteries can retain 62 to 70% of their capacity after one month. These rechargeable battery stacks consisting of several cells will be well suited for space applications involving passive sensors, such as IR cameras and low-power electro-optical sensors. Sealed Ni-Cd or Ni-MH or lithium-ion battery packs are ideal for moderate-power applications. Performance capabilities of these batteries are summarized in Table 7.15. 

Based on these facts, it is reasonable to believe that PEM-based fuel cells may be deployed to power surveillance, reconnaissance, and tracking sensors aboard satellite or spacecraft. High-power sealed Ni-Cd and lithium-based batteries can be just as appropriate for deployment in microsatellites to power the various electronic systems, electro-optical sensors, and high-resolution infrared cameras. 

Costa 1, Almeida PL, Filip D, Figueirinhas JL, Godinho MH (2006) Tunable topographical cellulose matrices for electro-optical liquid crystal cells. Opto-Electron Rev 14(4) 299-303 Costa I, Filip D, Figueirinhas JL, Godinho MH (2007) New cellulose derivatives composites for electro-optical sensors. Carbohydr Polym 68(1) 159-165 Credou J, Berthelot T (2014) Cellulose from biocompatible to bioactive material. J Mater Chem B 2(30) 4767-4788... 

The principle of optical triangulation has been known since the time of the early Greeks, and indeed optical triangulation has been used for hundreds of years in applications such as surveying, camera auto-focus and even smart-bombs. With the advent of low-cost, compact electro-optic components such as lateral-effect photodetectors, diode lasers and micro-optics, laser-based triangulation sensors can now be employed for applications that were, heretofore, considered uninspectable. 

Zhang, F. Chen, F. Qiu, K., An integrated electro optic E field sensor with segmented electrodes, Microw. Opt. Tech. Lett. 2004, 40, 302 305... 

Sumetsky, M. Dulashko, Y. Windeler, R. S., Temperature and pressure compensated micro fluidic optical Sensor, In Conference on lasers and electro optics quantum electronics and laser science conference and photonic applications systems technologies, OS A Technical Digest (CD), Optical Society of America, 2008, paper CMJ6... 

Colloidal crysfals can be viewed as the mesoscopic counterpart of atomic or molecular crystals. They have been used to explore diverse phenomena such as crystal growth [52-54] and glass transition [55,56], and have many interesting applications for sensors [57], in catalysis [58,59], advanced coatings [60], and for optical/electro-optical devices for information processing and storage [61,62]. In particular, their unusual optical properties, namely the diffraction of visible light and the existence of a photonic stop band, make them ideal candidates for the development of photonic materials [61,63-66]. They may lead to the fabrication... 

Figure 3. A block diagram showing the electro-optical components of the fast response ln-situ CO2 sensor. The illustration shows a specific arrangement of the components identified in Figure 2. Temperature controlled regions are shown within dashed lines.

Micro flow control devices open new possibilities for the miniaturization of conventional chemical and biochemical analysis systems. The micro total analysis system (pTAS) including microfabricated detectors (e.g. silicon based chemical sensors, optical sensors), micro flow control devices and control/detec-tion circuits is a practical micro electro mechanical system (MEMS). pTAS realize very small necessary sample volume, fast response and the reduction of reagents which is very useful in chemical and medical analysis. Two approaches of monolithic and hybrid integration of these devices have been studied. Monolithic and hybrid types of flow injection analysis (FIA) systems were already demonstrated [4, 5]. The combination of the partly integrated components and discrete components is useful in many cases [6]. To fabricate such systems, bonding and assembling methods play very important roles [7]. 

Sivaraman R,Clarson SJ,Burcham K,Naghski D,Boyd JT (1999) Fabrication and characterization of electro-optic polymeric E-field sensors. In Organic thin films for photonics applications. Optical Society of America, Washington DC, p 60... 

Lilhe JJ, Thomas MA, Denis KA, Jokerst NM, Henderson C, Ralph SE (2004) Modal pattern analysis and experimentatal investigation of multimode interferometric sensing a path to fully integrated silicon-CMOS-based chem./bio sensors. Proc Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting -LEOS, pp 352-353... 

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