Performance capabilities

A wide range of cutting-tool materials is available. Properties, performance capabilities, and cost vary widely (2,7). Various steels (see Steel) cast cobalt alloys (see Cobalt and cobalt alloys) cemented, cast, and coated carbides (qv) ceramics (qv), sintered polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (cBN) (see Boron compounds) and sintered polycrystalline diamond tbin diamond coatings on cemented carbides and ceramics and single-crystal natural diamond (see Carbon) are all used as tool materials. Most tool materials used in the 1990s were developed during the twentieth century. The tool materials of the 1990s... 

It is probably obvious at this point that the molecular weight distribution of a resole is an extremely important characteristic. It has major influence on such important performance capabilities as cure speed, viscosity, green strength development (or prepress), assembly time tolerance, required application rates. 

Determination - by a series of tests and examinations of a product, related documents, and processes - that the product meets all the specified performance capability requirements. 

In a processing facility, the primary aim is to impart effective phase-contacting in the constituents within the safety and temporal constraints prescribed by the particular application. The basic design features of the equipment described in this section help to discern the performance capabilities of candidate geometries in this context. 

The suction side of a pump is much more important than the piping on the discharge. If any mistakes are made on the discharge side, increasing the performance capability from the pump can usually compensate for them. Problems on the suction side, however, can be the source of ongoing and expensive difficulties which may never be traced back to that area. 

Within the range of their performance capabilities, cyclones are one of the least expensive dust-collection systems. Their major limitation is that, unless very small units are used, efficiency is low for particles smaller than five microns. Although cyclones may be used to collect particles larger than 200 microns, gravity-settling chambers or simple inertial separators are usually satisfactory and less subject to abrasion. 

With RPs different performance capabilities can be obtained. Reason for this capability is because the designer can combine different materials in different proportions. Examples of properties, including other materials of construction, are shown in Figs. 5-9, 6-18a to c and Table 6-22. 

In order to judge performance capabilities that exist within the controlled variabilities, there must be a reference to measure performance against. As an example, the injection mold cavity pressure profile is a parameter that is easily influenced by variations in the materials. Related to this parameter are four groups of variables that when put together influences the profile (1) melt viscosity and fill rate, (2) boost time, (3) pack and hold pressures, and (4) recovery of plastica-tor. TTius material variations may be directly related to the cavity pressure variation. Details on EQUIPMENT/PROCESSING VARIABLE are in Chapter 8. 

Stewart RD, Hake CL, Le Brun Al, et al. 1974a. Effects of trichloroethylene on behavioral performance capabilities. In Xintaras C, Johnson BE, Groot 1, eds. HEW Publication no. (NIOSH) 74-126. US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Washington DC, 96-129. 

Method validation provides information concerning the method s performance capabilities and limitations, when applied under routine circumstances and when it is within statistical control, and can be used to set the QC limits. The warning and action limits are commonly set at twice and three times the within-laboratory reproducibility, respectively. When the method is used on a regular basis, periodic measurement of QC samples and the plotting of these data on QC charts is required to ensure that the method is still within statistical control. The frequency of QC checks should not normally be set at less than 5% of the sample throughput. When the method is new, it may be set much higher. Quality control charts are discussed in Chapter 6. 

All equipment has limitations, for example, the amount of a substance it can detect or the accuracy with which it can make a measurement. If you attempt to make the equipment perform beyond its capabilities, it does not matter how carefully the equipment is operated, it will not be possible to get meaningful results. In terms of a particular instrument, fitness for purpose is interpreted as having appropriate performance capability to do the work required. This applies to all equipment, large or small. For example, a stirrer needs to perform the intended task satisfactorily while remaining essentially inert. There is a formal process for assessing the suitability of equipment to perform a given task - this is called Equipment Qualification or Equipment Validation. This is dealt with in Section 5.6.3. 

Vented NiCd. The vented NiCd battery is one of the best-known power sources in the commercial and military fields, particularly for aircraft and communication applications. It has excellent high rate and low temperature performance capabilities. It also has a long useful life capability and is both physically and electrochemically rugged. 

A significant challenge with using mist systems is determining whether the conditions of a particular manufacturer s limitation are representative of the actual conditions in which the system will be used. An engineering analysis should be performed to evaluate the significance of any variations between the actual fire hazard and the known performance capabilities of the water mist system. It is important that the test protocol contain these factors ... 

The word quahty is derived from the Latin qualitas , which means, incidentally, oidy the nature and inherent characteristics of a thing. In everyday speech we understand by this term above all two aspects, faultlessness ( a product with no defects is of high quality) and performance capability or serviceableness ( a product that comes up to all our requirements and can be easily handled is qualitatively perfect ). 

Regarding reactor sizes, a comparison of Eqs. 5.4 and 5.19 for a given duty and for s = 0 shows that an element of fluid reacts for the same length of time in the batch and in the plug flow reactor. Thus, the same volume of these reactors is needed to do a given job. Of course, on a long-term production basis we must correct the size requirement estimate to account for the shutdown time between batches. Still, it is easy to relate the performance capabilities of the batch reactor with the plug flow reactor. 

For reactions with arbitrary but known rate the performance capabilities of mixed and plug flow reactors are best illustrated in Fig. 6.2. The ratio of shaded and of hatched areas gives the ratio of space-times needed in these two reactors. 

Nitric Acid and Nitrates. The use of nitric acid as a major component in liquid oxidizers dates back to at least World War II when it was used in a mixture with oleum (88 wt. % white fuming nitric acid and 12 wt. % oleum) and was denoted as mixed acid. In later years its use as white fuming nitric acid (WFNA) and inhibited white fuming nitric acid (IWFNA) developed because of its higher performance capabilities in these forms. These acids are fairly pure nitric acid WFNA contains a maximum of 2 wt. % H20 and 0.5 wt. % N02 IWFNA addi-... 

A number of other compounds have been considered as additives to HN03 to improve its properties and/or performance capabilities. Among the more important are N2Or NO0CIO4 (nitronium perchlorate), and HCIO4. While each of these systems theoretically provides increased performance, their use presents some technical and operational problems. Only careful consideration of the magnitude of these problems vs. potential benefits and alternatives can resolve the question of their role as advanced oxidizers. 

Both NF3 and N2F4 are cryogenic, boiling at —129° and —73°C., respectively. Their high fluorine contents and densities lead to performance capabilities generally intermediate to those obtainable with... 

The krypton fluorides, KrF2 and KrF4, are moderately stable, but the combination of the relatively high molecular weight of krypton and low fluorine content (< 50 wt. %) results in performance capabilities of little real interest. The fluorides of the light noble gases have not been isolated although some spectroscopic evidence for their existence has... 

American investigators have reported development of a new IHE called Pica-tinny Arsenal Explosive-2 (PAX-2, a nitramine-based PBX) which possesses reduced sensitivity to sympathetic detonation in cannon caliber ammunition [166] and is considered as a substitute for existing PBXN-5. In this series, PAX-2A which retains all the requisite performance capabilities of PAX-2 but possesses less sensitivity to initiation by outside stimuli, has also been developed. This is regarded as the US Army s first high performing IM explosive. 

Larger 3- and 4-m.e.v. Dynamitron electron beam accelerators are likewise available commercially. Service capabilities increase with the m.e.v. level of the electron beam accelerator. A 3.0-m.e.v. Dynamitron electron beam accelerator furnishes radiation capable of penetrating a maximum 370 mils of a unit density material or 185 mils of 2.0-density material other performance capabilities are doubled as well. The overwhelming majority of polyolefin plastic products now being manufactured have section thicknesses which can be penetrated safely even by a 1.5-m.e.v. electron beam accelerator. Two possible exceptions would be printed circuit board and thick-walled pipe. A 3-m.e.v. accelerator could readily meet such requirements. The performance capabilities of the 3-m.e.v. accelerator (12-ma. power supply) are increased not only with respect to maximum depth of penetration but also processing capability, which amounts to 14,000 megarad-pounds per hour at 50% absorption efficiency. 

Performance capability of a pump is represented on diagrams like those of Figure 7.7. A single point characterization often is made by stating the performance at the peak efficiency. For example, the pump of Figure 7.7(c) with a 9 in. impeller is called a... 

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