Drug Injection

Animals were trained to self-inject cocaine (0.4 or 0.32 mg/kg/injection) under an FR 160 response schedule on the Lindsley lever. Drug injections were available every 3 hours and were signaled by a 5-second tone, followed by the illumination of the jewel light over the Lindsley lever. 

Table 2 summarizes results of neurotoxicity studies that have utilized the same regimen of drug injections (twice daily for 4 days) and survival times (2 weeks). In addition, the ability of these drugs to suppress milk intake in rats is also presented. It is clear that ring-substituted amphetamines are more potent in terms of absolute dose required to reduce amine content than is the parent compound amphetamine. With regard to relative potency, METH is toxic to DA and 5-HT neurons at doses that are more than tenfold higher than doses that produce anorexia, whereas fenfluramine,... 

C for 1 h. A 100 pL portion of the solution was injected onto a column (15 cmx 3.2 mm) of LiChroscob RP-18 (7 pm) for HPLC at room temperature, using acetonitrile-0.033 M phosphate buffer of pH 8.2 (1 2) containing 0.05% of ethyle-nediamine as the mobile phase (eluted at 1 mL/min). Fluorimetric detection involved excitation at 338 nm and measurement at 540 nm (or with a 430 nm cutoff filter). For 50 300 ng of drug injected on to the column, the coefficient of variation was 7-8%. The method permits a simple determination of (z>)-penicilla-mine in serum at therapeutic levels. 

Parasitic pressure drops, 15 823t, 824 Para- substituents, 9 371, 372 Paratacamite, 7 769 Parathion, 13 524-525 Paratungstates, 25 383 demand for, 24 276 Parcel charter, 25 330 Parenteral drug dosage forms, IS 713-716 Parenteral drug injections, prolonged action, 18 715-716 Parenteral formulations,... 

One factor in the reduction of healthcare expenditure is home medical care, which involves adaptations of the methods of care. These uses dictate particular requirements for sterility, safety, reliability, weight and facility of use. Plastics can bring solutions in the fields of single-use products, unbreakable equipment and weight reduction, for example, in the syringes, tubes and pumps for drug injections and apparatus for ambulatory dialysis. 

Wound botulism occurs where C. botulinum spores germinate in wound infections and develop into vegetative cells. In such cases, neurotoxin is produced which leads to the onset of neurological symptoms. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 23 cases of wound botulism (13.6% of all botulism cases) were reported in 2001 in the U.S. Wound botulism has also been diagnosed after intravenous drug injection (Rundervoort et al., 2003). 

Goldberg SR (1975) Stimuli associated with drug injections as events that control behavior. Pharmacol Rev 27 325-340... 

Goldberg SR, Henningfield JE (1988) Reinfordng effects of nicotine in humans and experimental animals responding under intermittent schedules of i.v. drug injection. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 30 227-234... 

Goldberg SR, KeUeher RT, Morse WH (1975) Second-order schedules of drug injection. Fed Proc 34 1771-1776... 

Palmatier MI, Matteson GL, Black JJ, Liu X, Caggiula AR, Craven L, Donny EC, Sved AF (2007b) The reinforcement enhancing effects of nicotine depend on the incentive value of non-drug reinforcers and increase with repeated drug injections. Drug Alcohol Depend 89 52-59... 

Nakuma K, Uemura K, Konno T, Yanaka N, Yokoyama I (1979) Studies on anticancer treatment with an anti-cancer drug injected into the ligated hepatic artery for liver cancer. Nichidoki Iho 24 675... 

Sumatriptan was specifically developed as an anti-migraine drug. Injectable sumatriptan has been shown to be more effective than injectable DHE at two hours but the rate of recurrence (30 0%) is higher than with DHE. Efficacy is better and delay to action is shorter with the injectable formulation. Both the nasal spray and the injectable formulation... 

Wang and Li have reported the determination of procaine hydrochloride injections, and the quality control of 4-aminobenzoic acid [144]. The column packing used for this work consisted of 8 g of silanized siliceous earth support with 5 mL of hexanol as the stationary phase, previously percolated with 20 mL of 0.05 M sodium carbonate. The drug injection solution (containing 10 mg of procaine hydrochloride) was applied to the column, and eluted with 30 mL of 0.05 M sodium carbonate. The eluent was diluted to 50 mL with water, and 4-aminobenzoic acid was determined by an absorbance measurement at 266 nm. Procaine was then eluted from the column using 60 mL of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. This eluent was treated with 10 mL of acetate buffer (pH 6), and diluted to 100 ml with water. The analyte was determined on the basis of its absorbance at 290 nm. Equations for the computation of procaine and 4-aminobenzoic acid concentrations were presented. 

Figure 6.2 Drug injection into a vein. Roger Harris/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Brindley G. Pilot experiments on the actions of drugs injected into the human corpus cavernosum penis. BrJ Pharmacol 1986 87 495-500. 

However, when it comes to heroin abuse (or drug injecting), there seems to be a general agreement that annual prevalence data derived from national household sur-... 

Similarly, drugs injected into the SC or IM space are separated from the blood compartment by the endothelial cells of the capillaries. From the interstitial space, such drug molecules must first diffuse toward and then partition into the endothelial cell membrane. After traversing these cells, the drugs must then partition on the luminal, or blood facing, side of these cells into the blood, which carries them away. By this dilution effect, the blood presents sink conditions, thus maintaining a maximal concentration gradient, dCm/dx, to drive diffusion toward the blood. 

Takino, T., Nagahama., E., Sakaeda, T., Yamashita, F., Takakura, Y., and Hashida, M. (1995) Pharmacokinetics disposition analysis of lipophlic drugs injected with various lipid carriers in the single-pass rat liver perfusion systerrlnt. J. Pharm., 114 43-54. 

The levels of hydromorphone usually peak in the body about 45 minutes after oral administration of the drug. Injections into muscle produce effects within 15 to 30 minutes and reach peak levels between one-half to one and one-half hours later. The duration of effect usually lasts four to five hours. The actual amount of hydromorphone prescribed or administered depends on a variety of factors, including age, the degree of pain, the amount of opioid tolerance, and the body mass of the patient. 

Drug injection is a parenteral delivery method and bypasses problems associated with the first-pass effect and absorption through the digestive system. Delivery by injection is common despite several issues fear of needles, painful injections, and potential infection... 

Fenik P, Ogawa H, Veasey SC (2001) Hypoglossal nerve response to 5-HT3 drugs injected into the XII nucleus and vena cava in the rat. Sleep 24 871-878... 

Abbara et al. performed simultaneous quantification of different antidotes (diazepam, pralidoxime and atropine) typically co-administered for the therapy of anticholinesterase poisoning (Table 5) [44], PK data resulting from i.m. drug injection by means of a bi-compartemental auto-injector were calculated from human plasma concentrations measured by LC-ESIMS/MS with MRM settings. Administration of 2 mg atropine sulphate yielded plasma peak concentrations of about 4 ng/ml 15 min after injection. 

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