Cocaine injecting

Goldberg SR, KeUeher RT, Goldberg DM (1981a) Fixed-ratio responding under second-order schedules of food presentation or cocaine injection. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 218 271-281... 

Kiyatkin EA (1994) Changes in dopamine-dependent electrochemical signal in the nucleus accumbens associated with repeated cocaine injections in rats. Brain Res 642 228-236. 

Consider the different effects and risks associated with the various forms of cocaine (chewing the coca leaf, snorting cocaine, injecting cocaine, smoking crack). Should different laws and penalties be applied to the different forms ... 

Class A All opiates, hallucinogens, cocaine, injectable amfetamines, cannabinol and coca leaf Class B Amfetamines, codeine, pholcodeine and barbiturates Class C Milder stimulants and tranquilizers, benzfetamine, benzodiazepines, cannabis and anabolic steroids and related hormones... 

The toxic action of cocaine can be combated by barbital curatively (143) or preventively (144), but this is scarcely seen to be effective in the clinic (145). Steinhaus and Tatum (146), however, stated that pentobarbital in doses of 15 mg./kg., when given intravenously, affords protection against 100 mg./kg. of cocaine injected subcutaneously. The toxicity of cocaine injected into the venous system depends upon the speed with which it is introduced into the organism. If this speed is great the cardiovascular system is affected before the respiration, but if it is slow the contrary is seen, as is the case for subcutaneous injections. 

Foltin RW, Christiansen I, Levin FR, Fischman MW. Effects of single and multiple intravenous cocaine injections in humans maintained on methadone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther (1995) 275,38-47... 

Bravo MJ, Llorens N, Barrio G, Brugal MT, Santos S, Sordo L, la Fuente LD Itinere Project Group. Methadone maintenance treatment a protective factor for cocaine injection in a street-recruited cohort of heroin users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2010 112 62-8. 

Fig. 5.4. MALDI-IM 2D plot from the cerebrum of a cocaine-injected rat (20 mg of free base/kg), 20 min after ip injection with DFIB matrix. Note the mobility separation of cocaine from matrix interference ions.

Musculoskeletal Osteonecrosis of the calcaneus following cocaine injection in the foot... 

Panchbhavi VK, Leontaritis NM. A case report of atypical magnetic resonance images of the hindfoot following cocaine injection in the foot and a review of osteonecrosis in calcaneus. Foot Ankle Surg 2008 14 215-20. 

Well, an American surgeon William Stewart Halsted used cocaine injections to invent nerve-block anesthesia in 1884. Sadly, he was to become a cocaine addict. Sigmund Freud, inventor of psychoanalysis, pioneered the use of cocaine as a local anesthetic for eye surgery (now replaced by lidocaine or benzocaine), and cocaine became briefly available in over-the-counter medications for treatments of complaints like toothache or catarrh. But cocaine was generally banned in North America and Europe toward the end of the nineteenth century. Around this time, the fictional detective Sherlock... 

In a typical analysis a 10.0-mg sample is dissolved in water and diluted to volume in a 25-mL volumetric flask. A 125- tL aliquot is transferred to a 25-mL volumetric flask and diluted to volume with a pH 9 buffer. When injected into the flow injection apparatus a signal of 21.4 is obtained. What is the %w/w cocaine in the sample ... 

CART (cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript) is a hypothalamic peptide that inhibits both normal and starvation-induced feeding when injected into cerebral ventricles of rats. CART is co-localized with the anorexigenic peptide a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in neurons of the arcuate nucleus. Secretion of CART is stimulated by leptin and CART may be an endogenous inhibitor of food intake. 

In Britain and America the most common form of cocaine is as a white crystalline powder. Most users sniff it up the nose, often through a rolled banknote or straw, but it can also be made into a solution and injected. Crack is a smokable form of cocaine made into small lumps or rocks . It is usually smoked but can also be prepared for injection. Because it is such a fast-acting drug and the powerful effects wear off quickly, repeated use is common, and since cocaine is a relatively expensive drug it has become closely associated with a rich lifestyle. 

Animals were trained to self-inject cocaine (0.4 or 0.32 mg/kg/injection) under an FR 160 response schedule on the Lindsley lever. Drug injections were available every 3 hours and were signaled by a 5-second tone, followed by the illumination of the jewel light over the Lindsley lever. 

Similar MDMA self-injection findings have been reported in rhesus monkeys (Beardsley et al. 1986). In three of the four animals trained to self-administer cocaine, substitution of at least one dose of MDMA resulted in rates of self-injection that exceeded vehicle rates two animals self-administered MDMA at rates higher than cocaine rates. 

Investigation of the neurochemical substrates for the psychostimulant effects of MDMA suggests a role for the mesolimbic dopamine system. Destruction of dopamine terminal fields in the nucleus accumbens significantly attenuated the locomotor activation produced by MDMA. A similar blockade of amphetamine-induced locomotor hyperactivity is known and was observed following amphetamine injection in these same rats. Such results support the hypothesis that at least one component of MDMA-induced hyperactivity is dopamine mediated and suggest that mesolimbic dopamine specifically is the critical substrate. In this way, MDMA resembles other classical psychostimulants like amphetamine and cocaine. Interestingly, evidence for functional cross-sensitization was suggested in the study in which an injection of amphetamine followed MDMA injection. 

Taylor, D., and Ho, B.T. Neurochemical effects of cocaine following acute and repeated injection. J Neurosci Res 3 95-101, 1977. 

The higher than expected frequencies of alcohol PCP - and heroin PCP-related deaths also would have occurred if the combinations were preferred by the users. The motivation may involve the injection of heroin to moderate the adverse effects of PCP, or the use of PCP to ease the pain of heroin withdrawal. Another explanation assumes a stimulant effect of PCP. The use of stimulants, especially cocaine, with heroin is increasingly popular among heroin users (Kozel et al. 1982). 

The first official injection (morphine) appeared in the British Pharmacopoeia (BP) of 1867. It was not until 1898 when cocaine was added to the BP that sterilization was attempted. In this country, the first official injections may be found in the National Formulary (NF), published in 1926. Monographs were included for seven sterile glass-sealed ampoules. The NF and the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) published chapters on sterilization as early as 1916, but no monographs for ampoules appeared in USP until 1942. The current USP contains monographs for over 500 injectable products [1]. 

Several topically applied local anesthetics are routinely used by the eye care specialist in certain routine diagnostic procedures and for various relatively simple surgical procedures such as insertion of punctal plugs and surgical vision correction. The first of these to be used was cocaine, in concentrations ranging from 1 to 4% [30]. More modern local anesthetics, however, such as tetracaine hydrochloride and proparacaine hydrochloride, have replaced cocaine as drugs of choice in these procedures. For surgical procedures of a more complex nature, lidocaine hydrochloride and similar local anesthetics as retrobulbar injections have been used [31]. 

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