Second-order schedule

AntheneUi RM, Despres IP (2004) Effects of Rimonabant in the reduction of major cardiovascular risk factors. Results from the STRATUS-US trial (smoking cessation in smokers motivated to quit), American College of Cardiology 53rd Annual Scientific Session, New Orleans, LA Arroyo M, Markou A, Robbins TW, Everitt B1 (1999) Acquisition, maintenance and reinstatement of intravenous cocaine self-administration under a second-order schedule of reinforcement in rats effects of conditioned cues and continuous acces to cocaine. Psychopharmacology 140 331-344... 

Goldberg SR, Gardner ML (1981) Second-order schedules extended sequences of behavior controlled by brief environmental stimuli associated with drug self-administration. NIDA Res Monogr 37 241-270... 

Goldberg SR, KeUeher RT, Morse WH (1975) Second-order schedules of drug injection. Fed Proc 34 1771-1776... 

Goldberg SR, KeUeher RT, Goldberg DM (1981a) Fixed-ratio responding under second-order schedules of food presentation or cocaine injection. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 218 271-281... 

Schindler CW, PanlUio LV, Goldberg SR (2002) Second-order schedules of drug selfadministration in animals. Psychopharmacology 163 327-344. 

Everitt, Barry J., Marline Cador, and Trevor W. Robbins. 1989. "Interactions Between the Amygdala and Ventral Striatum in Stimulus-Reward Associations Studies Using a Second-Order Schedule of Sexual Reinforcement." Neuroscience 30 63-75. 

Excitotoxic NAc core lesions slow down the acquisition of first order schedules of heroin self-administration but do not affect already established responding (Alderson et al., 2001 Hutcheson et al., 2001). An impairment of instrumental learning by these lesions has been excluded on the basis of the observation that responding was still sensitive to changes in the outcome value. On the basis of the above studies, Cardinal et al. (2002) maintain that the NAc core is not critical for instrumental learning and interpret the effects of NAc core lesions in acquisition as the result of an impairment of the motivational arousal elicited by drug-conditioned stimuli. Consistent with this explanation is the observation that NAc core lesions prevent acquisition of second-order schedules... 

Hutcheson DM, Parkinson JA, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ (2001) The effects of nucleus accumbens core and shell lesions on intravenous heroin self-administration and the acquisition of drug-seeking behavior under a second-order schedule of heroin reinforcement. Psychopharmacology 153 464-412. 

For the exponential heating schedule (z = 1), the quantities Ed and T occur only when grouped in the term e = Ed/RT, and thus particularly simple expressions for the temperature Tm at the maximum desorption rate result, as was pointed out by Carter et al. (79) for the first-order kinetics and for the given quotient (kd/ax), Tm is exactly proportional to Ed for the second-order kinetics, the same applies as long as the initial coverage (Who/M8t) remains constant. For heating schedules other than the exponential one, the shift of Tm with increasing Ed is not exactly linear, due to the term T 1. 

Since generally em > z, these coverages at Tm increase only slightly as the heating schedule becomes less progressive and amount to about c-1 37%, J = 50%, and /3/3 59% of the initial coverage for the first-order, second-order, and third-order desorption, respectively. 

Thus, for the second-order desorption kinetics and the hyperbolic heating schedule, the peaks are symmetric about Tm in the scale (1/T). The first-order peaks are asymmetric in this scale, exhibiting a steeper descent than ascent. These considerations suggest that the hyperbolic heating schedule is especially favorable for an analysis of the peak shapes and for the detection... 

In estimating the value of Ed by means of the transcendental equations (28), the circumstance utilized is that the variation of em for a given change in Tm is much less than the variation of exp(em) (31). Until now, only particular solutions have been available for the hyperbolic and linear heating schedules and for the first-order and second-order desorptions. They can be found for example in the fundamental papers by Redhead (31) and Carter (32) or in the review by Contour and Proud homme (106), and therefore will not be repeated here. Recently, a universal procedure for the... 

Saturation of controllers, 247, 257, 637 Scheduling computer control, 33 Secondary loop, cascade control, 395, 397, 398-99, 400-2 Secondary measurements, 16, 16-18 Second-order system, 186-87 Bode diagrams, 328-30 with dead time, 215, 216 discrete-time model, 585-86 dynamic characteristics, 187-93 experimental parameter identification, 233,668... 

That the shape of the evolution curve is also sensitively dependent upon the heating curve is apparent from Fig. 12, in which the same desorption is followed for different temperature schedules. However, despite these variations, for a fixed heating curve the appearance of first and second order curves is distinct enough to permit identification. 

Fig. 11. Dependence of evolution curve on rate law for desorption, (a) First- versus second-order desorption E D = 80 kcal/mole, v, = 3.54 X 101 sec-1, v, = 8 X 10" molecules-1 sec-1 cm. For variable heat, ED = E°B — ifn E°D = 80 kcal/mole, ij = 0.3 kcal/mole per 10,s molecules/cm. (b) First-order desorption with concentration dependent desorption energy. E B = 110 kcal/mole, ij = 0.3 kcal/mole per 10u molecules/ cm, v, = 3.54 x 10 sec-1. Heating schedule 1/T = a + bt a = 9.95 X 10- (°K)-1, -b = 1.192 X 10- (°K sec)-1.

Fig. 12. Effect of heating schedule on evolution curve. First- and second-order desorption (with rate parameters as in Fig. 11) are shown in (a) for heating curves indicated in (b). Second-order reaction maintains s shape.

Second period constraint 100 < 105 is not satisfied. We don t need to check remaining constraints since the problem became infeasible. We caimot satisfy the demands of the first two periods with our available resources for the first two periods. However, all of the constraints were satisfied, then the next step would be to find an initial feasible solution. For example, as we increase the capacities for each period to 60, the problem becomes feasible. We can shift back demands to find initial solution. Fifth period net requirements is more than our capacity, so five units are shifted to third period. Then our new production/ordering schedule becomes D = (45, 60, 50, 60, 60, 44). Now we can improve the initial solution. There may be different approaches to improve the solution, we adopt one mentioned by Nahmias [3]. The idea is to shift production orders back as long as the holding costs is less than the set-up costs starting from the last period. In our example, we don t have enough capacity in previous periods to shift 44 back. 

Second order reinforcing activities. This type of fit is between activities where one activity supports another. For example, Activity Costing also reinforces another activity, Service-Based Pricing. Activity costs provide the data to set service-related prices. (The term activity in this case is also used in Activity-Based Costing, ABC. This is a separate use of the term from its application in Activity Systems.) Changing the way scheduling is done (Varied... 

Force-directed list scheduling, a second-order differential equation example, and a fifth-order digital elliptic wave filter example. 

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