Hypoglossal nerve

Knratani, S., Tanaka, S., Ishikawa, Y., andZnkeran, C. (1988) Early development of the hypoglossal nerve in the chick embryo as observed by whole-mount nerve staining method. Am. J. Anal. 182,155-168. 

Not surprisingly, much research in sharks, skates and rays has focused on the responses of sharks to human body odors. Human blood attracts sharks, while sweat does not, and urine was even slightly repellent (Tester, 1963). Practitioners use whale meat and mixtures of fish meal and fish oils as shark attrac-tants. In both carnivorous and herbivorous bony fish (Osteichthyes) smell deals with prey odors, social odors, and chemical stimuli in homing, and it is mediated by the first cranial nerve, the olfactory nerve. By contrast, taste serves in detection and selection of food and avoidance of toxic food, and it employs the facial, glossopharyngeal, vagal, and hypoglossal nerves. 

Fenik P, Ogawa H, Veasey SC (2001) Hypoglossal nerve response to 5-HT3 drugs injected into the XII nucleus and vena cava in the rat. Sleep 24 871-878... 

Veasey SC, Zhan G, Fenik P, Pratico D (2004) Long-Term Intermittent Hypoxia Reduced Excitatory Hypoglossal Nerve Output. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170 665-672... 

Carotid loops may be associated with aneurysm formation and rarely with embolism, endothelial damage and thrombosis exceptionally there may be focal ischemia on head movement (Sarkari et al. 1970 Desai and Toole 1975). Rarely, these loops may cause hypoglossal nerve lesions or pulsatile tinnitus. 

Svensson, M. and Aldskogius, H., Infusion of cytosine-arabinoside into the cerebrospinal fluid of the rat brain inhibits the microglial cell proliferation after hypoglossal nerve injury, Glia, 7, 286, 1993. 

Yamazaki S, Noronha JG, BellJM, Rapoport SI. Incorporation of plasma Adpalmilale into the hypoglossal nucleus fohowing unilateral axotomy of the hypoglossal nerve in adult raf with and without regeneration. Brain Res 1989 477 19-28. 

XII. Hypoglossal nerve. Motor function of tongue. Look for wasting and abnormal movements. 

Fig. 166. The innervation of the inferior olive of the rat by catecholaminergic, serotoninergic, substance P, and gamma-aminobutyric acid decarboxylase (GAD)-immunoreactive fibers and the distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). a = subnucleus a of the medial accessory olive b = subnucleus b of the medial accessory olive beta = subnucleus beta DAO = dorsal accessory olive dc = dorsal cap dl = dorsal eaf principal olive DM = dorsomedial subnucleus dmcc = dorsomedial cell column MAO = medial accessory olive PO = principal olive vl = ventral leaf principal olive vlo = ventrolateral outgrowth XII = hypoglossal nerve.

Transgenic mice overexpressing the mutant human SODl gene also show nitrated and oxidized proteins in the motor cortex, the cerebellar cortex, and the nucleus of hypoglossal nerves (regions related with movement). Significantly elevated protein nitration and nitric oxide synthesis have also been observed in brain tissues and CSF of mutant SODl mice. This study correlates mutation of the SODl gene to increased nitric oxide, nitration, and oxidation of proteins in ALS (Liu et al., 2007). 

Wasicko MJ, Neubauer JA, Melton JE, Haiangozo AM, Edelman NH. The effect of progressive brain h.3q)oxia on respiratory activity of the hypoglossal nerve. Fed Proc 1987 46 1418. 

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