Pilot experiment

The substances involved in bioluminescence reactions are usually unstable. Thus, the extraction and purification of bioluminescent substances should be carried out in the shortest possible period of time, usually at a low temperature. It is known through experience that luminescent substances are almost always more stable in the original animal tissues than in extracts when preserved at a low temperature. Therefore, before starting extraction and purification, the stability of the extracts and purified substances should be investigated by carrying out a small-scale pilot experiment. A pilot experiment is also essential in the course of purification to avoid an unexpected loss of the target substance. If a component of the luminescence system is insoluble in common buffer solutions, it must be solubilized to purify it (see C1.3). 

One further question that has a substantial impact on the application of modeling techniques to biomedical problems is the choice of the design. Suppose that in our Gompertz tumor growth example we wanted to decide, given the results of some pilot experiments, when it is most useful to observe the tumor volume. In other words, we wish to choose the time points at which we obtain tumor volume observations in order to maximize the precision of the resulting parameter estimates. 

Laboratory and, mainly, pilot experiments should provide data that can be processed into parameters in equations for the calculation of the drying time in both regions. To collect these and other data useful in the scale-up of driers the following experiments should be performed ... 

Hovorka S.D., Doughty C., et al. Testing efficiency of storage in the subsurface Frio Brine pilot experiment (574). 

Finamore A, Britti MS, Roselli M, Bellovino D, Gaetani S and Mengheri E (2004) Novel approach for food safety evaluation. Results of a pilot experiment to evaluate organic and conventional foods . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52, 7425-7431. 

It is essential to establish that the assay procedure is linear with time and input kinase over the range under study. This can be accomplished by performing pilot experiments using a range of amounts of kinase and taking samples for analysis at several times. 

These requirements considerably restrict the selection of pigments for oven drying systems. The complex nature of the problem makes it necessary to submit any pigment which is basically applicable to a pilot experiment under the exact processing conditions. 

The wetland follows the optimal structure identified in the pilot experiment ... 

The previous sections have pointed out that mathematical models of the processes must be proved by experiments, or adapted to experimental results with the aid of pilot extractors. For economic reasons, pilot extractors are usually much smaller than large-scale industrial apparatus. Pulsed pilot columns, for example, have a diameter between 30 and 250 mm, whereas industrial-size columns are up to 2500 mm and more in size. Thus, the question arises of whether or not the calculations or pilot experiments may be used for the dimensions of large-scale apparatus. This is a general problem for engineers. 

In this chapter we illustrate development of acoustic chemometrics for process monitoring in the chemical engineering realm with a feasibility survey of the application potential for industrial applications. Earlier studies [3-7] describe the initial small- to medium-scale pilot experiments behind this approach, collectively giving a broad introduction to the application of acoustic chemometric for liquid flow in pipelines [3,7], industrial granulation processes [7-9,11] and similar process technological regimens. Since a full introduction to acoustic chemometrics has been published elsewhere [3-7], only an operational summary is provided in this chapter. 

The residual content of immiscible liquids can be defined by the amount of NAPL remaining in the subsurface when pore geometry permits NAPL flow greater than the retention capacity. In an outdoor pilot experiment. Fine and Yaron (1993) studied the effect of soil constituents and soil moisture contents on the retention of kerosene in the subsurface. This retention is termed the kerosene residual content (KRC). Ten soils were studied, with a broad spectrum of clay and organic matter contents, together with four soil moisture contents corresponding to oven-dried, air-dried. 

Leclercq C, Cazeau S, Ritter P, et al. A pilot experience with permanent biventricular pacing to treat advanced heart failure, [see comment]. Am. Heart J. 2000 140 862-70. 

Design of the membrane module system involves selection of the membrane material the module geometry, eg, spiral-wound or hollow-fiber product flow rate and concentration solvent recovery operating pressure and the minimum tolerable flux (9,11). The effects of these variables can be obtained from laboratory or pilot experiments using different membranes and modules. The membrane module as well as the solvent recovery can be chosen to minimize fouling. Spiral-wound modules are widely used because these offer both high surface area as well as a lower fouling potential. 

Brindley G. Pilot experiments on the actions of drugs injected into the human corpus cavernosum penis. BrJ Pharmacol 1986 87 495-500. 

For trypanosomal TIM we experimented with three different cocktails of 32 compounds (Table 4). Molecules were chosen in such a way that they would be compatible, soluble, cheap, and as varied as possible. Each compound was present at a concentration of 1 m M The final cocktail solutions were clear and devoid of precipitate. Since this was a pilot experiment both subcocktails were checked at each stage of the dichotomic strategy. Only the soak with cocktail 1 revealed electron density that could not be accounted for by water molecules, hereafter called peak X. The soaks with cocktails 2 and 3 led to featureless difference Fourier maps. The quality of the data and refinement can be inspected from Table 5, while Figure 9 illustrates the dichotomic search to identify peak X. An oxidized molecule of DTT, identified in the high-resolution structure of the native TIM crystals [24], served as an internal reference to judge the quality of the data and the noise level in the final difference Fourier maps. 

Because of the expensive nature of the bromide (30), pilot experiments were carried out by using the known" 2,3,4,6-tetrarO-acetyl-a-D-mannosyl bromide (31) in order to establish optimum conditions for the coupling of (30) with (2). Coupling of the acetylated D-mannosyl bromide (31) with strophanthidin (2) was performed in 1,2-dichloroethane with exclusion of light, using freshly prepared silver carbonate. The water was removed azeotropically in the usual manner, and the reaction products... 

Our conclusions from these pilot experiments are, that inverse reactions... 

Time course and concentration-effect studies are greatly facilitated by in vivo imaging with reporter mice. The initial pilot experiments can be carried out with a very limited number of animals (e.g., 2-3) to establish the best time and concentration at which each compound is most active. Once the relative potency of the chemical entities under study is established, additional investigation can be carried out to evaluate the specificity of action of the given drug in each tissue. 

When mixing a compound to the diet, pilot experiments should be conducted to verify that food intake is not affected by the change of palatability in the diet. This is counterintuitive, as a compound reducing food intake might be considered a benefit for a metabolic disease. However, unspecific effects on metabolism due to diet unpatability should be tested and excluded early on. 

However, truly flexible technology usually means a transition from laboratory tests to pilot experiments, when reconstruction is almost unnecessary. This question is harmonized with universalization of chemical production. Therefore, such a solution seems improbable and is unsatisfactory for chemical engineers. This is because every introduced chemical reaction is distinguished by a specific feature, which does not allow the unification of entire chemical processes and separate process assemblies. 

As to the values of k and k, it s well known (9,10) that from pilot experiments on vessel reactor these rate constants cannot be separately evaluated only the value of the parameter k can be obtained. For this reason, while most authors... 

Conduct a pilot experiment to estimate the SD and then plan the main experiment. 

Fortunately, the effects of most mobile-phase characteristics such as the nature and concentration of organic solvent or ionic additives the temperature, the pH, or the bioactivity and the relative retentiveness of a particular polypeptide or protein can be ascertained very readily from very small-scale batch test tube pilot experiments. Similarly, the influence of some sorbent variables, such as the effect of ligand composition, particle sizes, or pore diameter distribution can be ascertained from small-scale batch experiments. However, it is clear that the isothermal binding behavior of many polypeptides or proteins in static batch systems can vary significantly from what is observed in dynamic systems as usually practiced in a packed or expanded bed in column chromatographic systems. This behavior is not only related to issues of different accessibility of the polypeptides or proteins to the stationary phase surface area and hence different loading capacities, but also involves the complex relationships between diffusion kinetics and adsorption kinetics in the overall mass transport phenomenon. Thus, the more subtle effects associated with the influence of feedstock loading concentration on the... 

As noted, and as detailed in Table 2, a large variety of stationary-phase and mobile-phase factors influence the selectivity, recovery, and stability of proteins and other biomacromolecules in the adsorptive modes of HPLC. Batch adsorption pilot experiments provide an expedient approach to ascertain the effect of many parameters, such as the pH, nature, and concentration of organic solvent or ionic additives in the mobile phase, the temperature- or the static-binding capacity with a defined sorbent. Similarly, the influence of... 

Coreflood Tests With Oil-Free Cores. The coreflood experiments were at first performed at ambient temperature and then extended to hot water conditions at 110 C as an approach to saturated steam conditions. Pilot experiments with the light mid-continent crude were extended to the heavier California crude oils, with steamfloods at saturated steam conditions to test the steam stability of "emulsion blocks" created with the heavier oil. The data for these coreflood tests are summarized in Table V. 

Figure 4-11. Determination of optimal conditions for binding and elution of a protein from an ion-exchanger. Optimal conditions can be determined in pilot experiments by adding small...

Gongzhao Liu, and Erting Chen, Catalytic cracking of scrap plastics into gasoline and diesel oil by a pilot experiment unit. Environmental Science and Technology, 98(6), 9-10 (2001). 

This method is applied during the second round of investigations in 1.1 will describe a typical assay. For each system, the optimum concentration rcinge of reagents, such as the concentration of antigen for coating the plates and the concentration of primary Ab used must be identified. This is done by setting up duplicate dilution series in a pilot experiment (ieeNote 7). I have included the details of a typical assay here. The basic assay is summarized in Fig. 3. 

Vree TB, Van den Biggelaar-Martea M, Van Ewijk-Beneken Kolmer EW, Hekster Y A. Probenecid inhibits the renal clearance and renal glucmonidation of nalidixic acid. A pilot experiment. Pharm World Sci 1993 15(4) 165-70. 

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