Energy dose

Resynchronize after each cardioversion ° Paroxysmal SVT and atrial flutter often respond to lower energy doses (may start with 50J)... 

If tachycardia persists, adjust the energy dose according to the algorithm... 

Boucaud et al. [37] also demonstrated a dose-dependent hypoglycemia in hairless rats exposed to ultrasound and insulin. For an energy dose of 900 J/cm2, approximately 75% reduction in glucose levels was reported. 

Ferraro et al. (1946, 1949), of Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, conducted controlled studies involving clinical doses of ECT on rhesus monkeys. The researchers used regular ECT machines, smaller-sized electrodes to fit the monkey heads, restraint to keep the heads from banging, and the minimally necessary dose of electricity to cause a convulsion, thereby approximating the intensity of current and voltage used to treat human beings (Ferraro and Roizen, 1949). The total energy dose was less than that routinely used in modern ECT. 

Because of the differences in the behavior of the particles and rays produced by radioactive decay, both the energy dose of the radiation and its effectiveness in causing biological damage must be taken into account. The rem (which is short for roentgen equivalent for man) is defined as follows ... 

The radiation exposure of the patients depends on the activity of the radionuclide, the kind of radiation emitted, the half-life of the radionuclide and its residence time in the body. With respect to radiation exposure, a emitters are not suitable for diagnostic application because of the high energy doses transmitted locally to organs or tissues. 

The units used in radiation dosimetry are summarized in Table 22.1. The energy dose and the ion dose are also used in radiation chemistiy, whereas the equivalent dose is only applied in radiation biology and in the field of radiation protection. 

The energy dose D is the energy dE transmitted by ionizing radiation to the mass dm of density p in the volume dV ... 

In contrast to the ion dose, the energy dose is independent of the nature of the absorbing substance. The integral energy dose is... 

Because direct determination of the energy dose D is difficult, the ion dose J is measured in radiation dosimeters. This is the charge dQ of ions of one sign generated by the ionizing radiation in the volume dFof air containing the mass dm ... 

Energy E. coli Weak dependence on k, linear dependence on power. Lethal energy dose for E. coli is 5 J [79]... 

Langer, R. Determination of threshold energy dose for ultrasound-induced transdermal drug transport. J. Controlled Release 2000, 63, 41-52. 116. 

In a recent systematic study of the dependence of 20 kHz sonophoresis on ultrasound parameters, Mitragotri et al. showed that the enhancement of skin permeability varies linearly with ultrasound intensity and ultrasound on-time (for pulsed ultrasound, ultrasound on-time equals the product of total ultrasound application time and duty cycle), while is independent of the ultrasound duty cycle. Based on those findings, fhe authors reported that there is a threshold energy dose for ultrasound induced transdermal drug transport. Once the threshold value is crossed, the enhancement of skin permeability varies linearly with the ultrasound energy dose (J/cm ), which is calculated as the product of ultrasound intensity and ultrasound on-time. This result indicates that ultrasound energy dose can be used as a predictor of the effect of 20 kHz sonophoresis. The authors also indicated that it is important to determine the threshold energy dose for each individual sonophoresis system, for example, the real in vivo situation, because it may vary from system to system. Specifically, it may vary between different skin models, as well as with the ultrasound frequency and the distance of the transducer from the skin surface, etc. 

Application of ultrasound enhances transdermal drug transport, a phenomenon referred to as sonophoresis. Proper choice of ultrasound parameters including ultrasound energy dose, frequency, intensity, pulse length, and distance of transducer from the skin is... 

Table V and Fig. 4 summarize the principal data that have been obtained. In these experiments the percentage of transformed CH4 does not exceed 10%. This latter value corresponds to energy doses of 10 e.v., dissipated by the fission fragments. In the case of homogeneous irradiations the energy dissipated into the reaction system is equal to 3 X 10 e.v.

This synthesis is carried out under the influence of beta irradiation from a 1 curie Sr Y " source. Gaseous reactants are taken in an approximate H2/N2 = 2 ratio. They are introduced at atmospheric pressure in the reaction chamber in the presence of microporous alumina. The walls of the pyrex vessel have a thickness of 50 mg./cm.. The energy dissipated into the reaction medium is measured by chemical ferrous sulfate actinometry and by direct measurement with a proportional window counter. Irradiation is carried out long enough so as to dissipate an energy dose of approximately 10 e.v. into the system. Irradiation temperature is 25°C. 

In the next experiments, constant amounts of C2H4 (0.415 moles) are irradiated in the presence of increasing amounts of 5 A. molecular sieves. Table VII and Fig. 5 show the corresponding results. For a constant energy dose, the fraction of polymerized ethylene, expressed as a function of solid addition, is seen to possess a maximum corresponding approximately to... 

The case of insulators and, more particularly, of porous solids (silica, alumina) that we used, is, insofar as the principles involved are concerned, very similar to the case of semiconductors, with regard to the creation and the influence of lattice defects. A very small number of free carriers are present in insulators, and, therefore, it seems that relatively small energy doses are able to appreciably modify their properties. However, the energy gap between valency and conduction bands is very large and the various phenomena are liable to be more intricate. It is probable that the lattice defects artificially created by irradiation exert a strong influence in both the trapping and carrier recombination phenomena later on, this topic will be discussed further. 

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