ICRU report

ICRU. 1980. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. ICRU Report No. 33. Washington, DC. 

Since 1925, The International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements at Bethesda, Maryland has been publishing reports updating the definitions and units for measurements of various radiation-related quantities. Of these ICRU Reports, special mention may be made of reports no. 19 (1971) [radiation quantities and units], 33 (1980) [radiation quantities and units], 36 (1983) [microdosimetry], 47 (1992) [thermoluminiscent dosimetry], and 51 (1993) [radiation protection dosimetry]. A succinct description of various devices used in dosimetry, such as ionization chambers, chemical and solid-state dosimeters, and personnel (pocket) dosimeters, will be found in Spinks and Woods (1990). In this section, we will only consider some chemical dosimeters in a little detail. For a survey of the field the reader is referred to Kase et at, (1985, 1987), McLaughlin (1982), and to the International Atomic Energy Agency (1977). Of the earlier publications, many useful information can still be gleaned from Hine and Brownell (1956), Holm and Berry (1970), and Shapiro (1972). 

ICRU, Stopping powers and ranges for protons and alpha particles, Vol. 49, ICRU Report, International Commission of Radiation Units and Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland, 1993. 

ICRU Report 55 [36], and references therein. Fast electrons predominantly interact via the coulomb force with the bound electrons of the medium resulting in ionization, i.e., leading to formation of free electrons and residual positive ions. The residual ions can be left in any of a wide variety of final states ranging from their ground ionic state, to states resulting from simultaneous ionization and excitation, and/or dissociation of molecular constituents of the target material. The interaction of a primary electron gp with the diatomic molecule AB can precede via many channels, e.g., ionization can occur by any of the following reaction pathways... 

International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU). Prescribing, Recording and Reporting Photon Beam Therapy, ICRU Report 50 Bethesda, Maryland, 1993. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU). Prescribing, Recording and Reporting Photon Beam Therapy (Supplement to ICRU Report 50), ICRU Report... 

ICRU (1992). International Commission on Radiation Units and Meeisure-ments. Measurement of Dose Equivalents from External Photon and Electron Radiations, ICRU Report No. 47 (International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland). 

PILTINGSRUD, H.V. and ROBERSON, P.L. (1992). Personnel dosimeter angular response properties and the adoption of ICRU Report No. 39 quantities, Health Phys. 62, 385-394. 

ICRU Report 10c, 1963, Radioactivity, National Bureau of Standards, NBS Handbook 86, particularly Table 2.1 ( Some Techniques for Measuring Very Weak Radioactive Samples and Radioactivity in Human Beings ). 

Average Energy Required to Produce an Ion Pair, ICRU Report, 31, Washington, DC, 1979. 

Dose Equivalent ICRU Report 19 (suppl.), Washington, D.C. (1973). 

Hurley PM (1954) The helium age method and the distribntion and migration of helinm in rocks. In Nuclear Geology. John Wiley Sons, New York, Fanl H (ed) p 301-329 ICRU (1993). International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. In ICRU Report 49, Stopping Powers and Ranges for Protons and Alpha Particles. 

ICRU Report 37, Stopping powers for electrons and positrons , Bethesda, Maryland, 1984... 

International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, ICRU Report No. 31, Washington, DC (1979) S.M. Pimblott and J.A. La Verne, Production of low energy electrons by ionizing radiation, Rad. Phys. Chem. 76, 1244 (2007). 

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