Transfer placental

When a mminant is bom, it consumes colostmm within a few hours. Colostmm contains antibodies from the mother s milk that serve to immunize the neonate against disease (37). These antibodies can be absorbed by the neonate only within the first few days of its life there is no placental transfer of antibiotics in mminants (37). 

After administration of a single oral dose of dibutyltin diacetate of 22 mg/kg body weight to pregnant rats on day 8 of gestation, both dibutyltin and monobutyltin were detected in the embryos, indicating placental transfer (Noda et al., 1994). Nakamura et al. (1993) also detected dibutyltin in embryos after dosing the mother orally on days 7-17 of gestation. 

Placental transfer of methyl parathion was demonstrated following oral administration to pregnant rats 1-3 days before parturition (Ackermann and Engst 1970). 

Data from a single study in dogs suggest that hepatic first-pass metabolism may limit systemic availability of the parent compound following oral exposure (Braeckman et al. 1983). Placental transfer of methyl parathion was demonstrated in pregnant rats 1-3 days before parturition. Thirty minutes after administration, both methyl parathion and methyl paraoxon were found in fetal brain, liver, and muscle methyl parathion, but not methyl paraoxon, was detected in placenta and maternal liver (Ackermann and Engst 1970). Methyl parathion binds reversibly to serum albumin, but is readily distributed to the tissues (Braeckman et al. 1980, 1983). 

Abu-Qare AW, Abdel-Rahman AA, Kishk AM, et al. 2000. Placental transfer and pharmacokinetics of a single dermal dose of [ " C] methyl parathion in rats. Toxicol Sci 53 5-12. 

Placental transfer of trichloroethylene occurs in animals. Trichloroethylene inhaled by pregnant sheep and goats, at levels used to induce analgesia and anesthesia, is rapidly distributed into the fetal circulation, with peak levels occurring approximately 40-50 minutes after maternal exposure (Helliwell and Hutton 1950). The concentration of trichloroethylene in umbilical vein blood was comparable to that found in the maternal carotid artery. 

Dock L, Rissanen RL, Vahter M. 1994. Demethylation and placental transfer of methyl mercury in the pregnant hamster. Toxicology 94 1-3. 

With the increased use of PCP by young women, pediatricians have begun to identify the newborn s neurobehavioral symptoms after In utero exposure. In 1980, Golden et al. were the first to document the placental transfer of PCP in humans and to describe the resulting neurobehavioral symptoms. They reported on one infant whose mother had smoked an average of six joints per day of marijuana dusted with PCP. The behaviors emerging shortly after birth... 

Chasnoff, I.J. Schnol1, S.H. Burns, W.J. and Burns, K. Maternal nonnarcotic substance abuse during pregnancy Effects on infant development. Neurobehav Toxi col Teratol 6 277-280, 1984. Cooper, J.E. Cummings, A.J. and Jones, The placental transfer of phencyclidine in the pig Plasma levels in the sow and its piglets. J Phvsiol (Lond) 267 178-188, 1977. 

Information on the placental transfer of inhaled americium in humans is not available. Studies in animals that received parenteral injections of americium show that absorbed americium is transferred to the fetus. 

Hisamatsu S, Takizawa Y. 1983. Placental transfer and distribution of241 Am in the rat. RadiatRes 94 81-88. 

SikovMR. 1987. Placental transfer of the actinides and related heavy elements. In Age-related factors in radionuclide metabolism and dosimetry. Netherlands Kluwer Academic Publishers, 303-314. 

Sikov MR, Kelman BJ. 1989. Factors affecting the placental transfer of actinides. Health Phys 57(Suppl. 1) 109-114. 

Sikov MR, Mahlum DD. 1968. Cross-placental transfer of selected actinides in the rat. Health Phys 14 205-208. 

Weiss JF, Walburg HE, McDowell WJ. 1978. Cross placental transfer of americium and plutonium in mice. Health Phys 35 895-896. 

Mirkin B.L., Singh S., Placental transfer of pharmacologically active molecules. In Mirkin B.L., ed., Perinatal Pharmacology and Theraputics. New York, Academic Press, 1976, 1-69. 

Clark ARL. 1977. Placental transfer of lead and its effects on the newborn. Postgrad Med J 53 674-678. 

Lauwerys R, Buchet J-P, Roels HA, et al. 1978. Placental transfer of lead, mercury, cadmium, and carbon monoxide in women I. Comparison of the frequency distributions of the biological indices in maternal and umbilical cord blood. Environ Res 15 278-289. 

Sternberg, J. (1962). Placental transfers Modem methods of study, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 84, 1731. 

Mink 1.0 mg/kg diet daily for 4 months then every other day for 4 months alternating with control diet High mortality after 4 months when subjected to cold stress significant placental transfer to the fetus 9... 

Lu, C.C., N. Matsumoto, and S. Iijima. 1981. Placental transfer and body distribution of nickel chloride in pregnant mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 59 409-413. 

Kaneko H, Izumi T, Ueda Y, Matsuo M, Miyamoto J (1984) Metabolism and placental transfer of stereoisomers of tetramethrin isomers in pregnant rats. J Pestic Sci 9 249-258... 

Villeneuve DC, Khera KS, Trivett G, et al. 1978. Teratogenicity and placental transfer of photomirex in the rabbit. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 45(1) 332. 

S.S. Siu, M.T. Chan, and T.K. Lau. Placental transfer of ondansetron during early human pregnancy. Clin Pharmacokinet. 45 419-423 (2006). 

G.M. Pacifici. Placental transfer of antibiotics administered to the mother A review. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 44 57-63 (2006). 

L. Gavard, S. Gil, G. Peytavin, P.F. Ceccaldi, C. Ferreira, R. Farinotti, and L. Mandelbrot. Placental transfer of lopinavir/ritonavir in the ex vivo human cotyledon perfusion model. Ami Obstet Gynecol. 195 296-301 (2006). 

H.J. Holmes, B.M. Casey, and R.E. Bawdon. Placental transfer of rosiglitazone in the ex vivo human perfusion model. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 195 1715-1719... 

T. Tuntland, A. Odinecs, C.M. Pereira, C. Nosbisch, and J.D. Unadkat. In vitro models to predict the in vivo mechanism, rate, and extent of placental transfer of dideoxynucleoside drugs against human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 180 198-206 (1999). 

No information was found on the placental transfer and distribution of phenol, however, Ghantous and Danielsson (1986) examined this question for benzene, the principal metabolite of which is phenol. Mice at gestation day 11, 14, and 17, were exposed by inhalation to 14C benzene and the distribution of benzene and its volatile and non-volatile metabolites examined using whole body autoradiaography and assessment of tissue concentrations of 14C (day 17 only). The authors indicated that the exposure regimen (50 Ci of 14C benzene in maize oil, volatilized by gentle heating) would theoretically produce 2,000 ppm in the inhalation chamber. Measurements of the difference between the amount added to the... 

There was no information found on the placental transfer of phenol or on the concentrations of phenol present in breast milk. There is evidence that benzene and its (not specifically identified) metabolites do cross the placenta, although there is no evidence of selective accumulation (Ghantous and Danielsson 1986). Additional studies of this issue are needed to determine if phenol and its metabolites are among the metabolites of benzene that cross the placenta, and if so whether phenol behaves like benzene in the lack of accumulation. Information is also needed on the content of phenol in breast milk under various conditions, e.g, smoking versus non-smoking mothers, in order to determine if breast milk could ever be a source of phenol exposure for children. 

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