Diptera larvae

Broza, M., Halpern, M., Teltsch, B., Porat, R., and Gasith, A. Shock chloramination potential treatment for Chiro-nomldae (Diptera) larvae nuisance abatement in water supply systems. J. Econ. Entomol, 91 (4) 834-840, 1998. 

Daphnia is commonly maintained in laboratories for assaying toxic substances in water. Water fleas are often of great importance in the diets of fishes, especially young fishes, and predaceous insects, such as many of the Diptera larvae. 

A number of other animal assays have been reported for the detection of ciguatoxins, such as chicken assay, mongoose and cat assay, brine shrimp assay, mosquito assay, or diptera larvae assay. These bioassays are in use only in a few laboratories, but just the mouse bioassay has been validated. ... 

The puff activation of polytene chromosomes in the salivary glands of Diptera larvas occurs under the control of the steroid hormone ecdysone. The genes which control the formation of steroid metabolic enzymes are supposedly active in the gland cells where this hormone is synthesized. We can consider the regulation of salivary gland functions as a result of the indirect interactions... 

Ruiz, N., Petit, K., VansteeJandt, M., Kerzaon, I., Baudet, J Amzil, Z., Biard, J.-F., Grovel, 0 and Pouchus, J.-F. (2010) Enhancement of domoic add neurotoxicity on diptera larvae bioassay by marine fimgal metabolites. Toxicon, 55, 805-810. 

The toxin kills larvae and/or pupae of some Diptera and Lepidoptera and acts primarily by prevention of completion of pupation. It is produced in cultures prior to sporulation (9,26) and remains in the supernatant liquid of sporulated cultures. Its chemical structure is not known, but initial isolation and purification studies are under way (9). One cannot, however, leave a discussion of this toxin with a feeling of certainty. Burgerjon and deBarjac (7) and Krieg and Herfs (20) reported the above-mentioned effectiveness of the soluble... 

Because of the high toxicity of pyrethroids to aquatic invertebrates, these organisms are likely to be adversely affected by contamination of surface waters. Such contamination might be expected to have effects at the population level and above, at least in the short term. In one study of a farm pond, cypermethrin was applied aerially, adjacent to the water body (Kedwards et al. 1999a). Changes were observed in the composition of the macroinvertebrate community of the pond that were related to levels of the pyrethroid in the hydrosoil. Diptera were most affected, showing a decline in abundance with increasing cypermethrin concentration. Chironimid larvae first declined and later recovered. 

Wei LY, CR Vossbrinck (1992) Degradation of alachlor in chironomid larvae (Diptera Chironomidae). J Agric Food Chem 40 1695-1699. 

Rawn, G.P., G.R.B. Webster, and G.M. Findlay. 1978. Effect of pool bottom substrate on residues and bioactivity of chlorpyrifos, against larvae of Culex tarsalis (Diptera Culicidae). Canad. Entomol. 110 1269-1276. 

Rodrigues, C.S. and N.K. Kaushik. 1986. Laboratory evaluation of the insect growth regulator diflubenzuron against black fly (diptera simulidae) larvae and its effects on nontarget stream invertebrates. Canad. Entomol. 118 549-558. 

Toledo J, Rojas R, Ibarra JE. Efficiency of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Nematoda Heterorhabditidae) on Anastrepha serpentina (Diptera Tephritidae) larvae under laboratory conditions. Florida Entom. 2006 89 524-526. 

Rayms-Keller, A.. Olson, K.E., McGaw, M.. Oray, C.. Carlson. J.O., and Beaty, B.J. Effectsof heavy metals on Aedesaegypti (Diptera Culcidae) larvae, Ecotoxicol Environ. Saf, 39(l) 41-47, 1998. 

Histamine (136) is detected in mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Culex (Culicidae) beside uric acid (95) in the former (Tables VI and VIII). Catecholamines such as adrenaline (132), noradrenaline (133), and dopamine (134) are found in the larvae of the housefly, Musca domestica (Muscidae) (Table VIII). Some pteridines are found in species of the genera Cnephia (Simuliidae) and Piophila (Piophilidae) and in other Diptera. Species of the genus Glossina (Glossinidae) contain uric acid (95) (Table VI). 

The arrival of blowflies, and subsequently their larvae, is followed quickly by the arrival of the flesh flies (Diptera Sarcophagidae), other carrion flies (Diptera Muscidae), and predaceous beetle species such as rove beetles (Coleoptera Staphylinidae), carrion beetles (Silphidae), clown beetles (Histeridae), skin beetles (Dermestidae), and checkered beetles (Cleridae). A variety of other fly families may be found in association with the body, and hide beetles (Trogidae) and larvae of some of the aforementioned beetle groups may feed on carrion itself, often on remains of hair, skin, and clothing in late decomposition (Smith 1986). 

Diptera. Some dipteran species are farm pests. In the event of fruit fly infestation, the species must be identified quickly. If adult flies are absent, accurate identification of larvae can be difficult or impossible on the basis of morphological characters. One study has shown that the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspense and the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, have different CHC patterns at the larval stage and thus can be easily distinguished from each other (Sutton and Steck, 1994). This finding suggests that hydrocarbon analysis could be extended to identification of other species with high economic impact. 

Sutton, B.D. and Steck, G. J. (1994). Discrimination of Caribbean and Mediterranean fruit fly larvae (Diptera Tephritidae) by cuticular hydrocarbon analysis. Florida Entomol., 77, 232-237. 

Benzoylphenyl urea. Substitution at the anilide portion of the molecule, particularly at the 4 position, has resulted in a variety of different commercial benzoylphenyl urea insecticides diflubenzuron (Dimilin ), with chlorine at the 4 position of the anilide, provides one of the earliest examples [153], The trifluoromethyl-containing benzoylphenyl ureas flufenoxuron and bistrifluron were discussed in Section 2.1.1.2, and chlorfluazuron was discussed in Section 2.1.2.2. Tefluben-zuron (Nemolt ) is used for the control of lepidoptera, coleoptera, diptera, and hemiptera larvae on vines, pome fruit, cabbages, vegetables, and cotton. 

Grondowitz M. J., Broce A. B., and Kramer K. J. (1987) Morphology and biochemical composition of mineralized granules form the Malphigian tubules of Musca autumnalis De Geer larvae (Diptera muscidae). Insect Biochem. 17, 335-345. 

The azido derivative 683 (CGA 19255) had herbicidal and even better insecticidal activity. 683 prevented the development of the larvae of the house fly (Musca domestica) it was tested successfully as a poultry feed-through lar-vicide " . 684 (CGA 72622 cyromazine, Larvadex ), a metabolite of 683 23,824 proved to be better suitable as a larvicide " . It inhibited growth of a great variety of Diptera insect larvae (e.g. house fly, yellow fever mosquito, face fly, sheep blowfly, fall army worm). Additionally, 684 was used as anthelmintic . 684 is applied as a food additive for domestic or livestock animals or by spraying it on manure surface. Larvicidal properties of formamido " and formamidino derivatives of 684 have been tested. The bacterial degradation of 684 was investigated . ... 

Singh RN, Singh K (1984) Fine structure of the sensory organs of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen larva (Diptera Drosophilidae). Int J Insect Morphol Embryol 13 255-273... 

W.F. Donahue, D.W. Schindler (1998). Diel emigration and colonization responses of blackfly larvae (Diptera Simuliidae) to ultraviolet radiation. Freshwat. Biol., 40, 357-365. 

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