Brine shrimp assay

Partial financial support for the research was provided by American University (AU) New Faculty and Senate research awards. We should like to thank Ms. Nnenna Nwokekeh for specimen collection and Ms. Annette Stange, Ms. Karen Byrne, and Ms. Patrina Merlino for brine shrimp assay studies. We also appreciate assistance of Mr. Martin Shapiro at AU with literature searches. We also would like to thank Ms. Esther Katz and Dr. Byron Backus for helpful discussions and critical review of the manuscript. 

A number of other animal assays have been reported for the detection of ciguatoxins, such as chicken assay, mongoose and cat assay, brine shrimp assay, mosquito assay, or diptera larvae assay. These bioassays are in use only in a few laboratories, but just the mouse bioassay has been validated. ... 

In the brine shrimp assay, no toxic effects of a turmeric ethanol extract were observed (Mahmoud et al. 1992). 

Bergers WWA, van der Stap JGMM, Kientz CE (1985) Trichothecene Production in Liquid Stationary Cultures of Fusarium tricinctum NRRL 3299 (Synonym F. sporotrichioides) Comparison of Quantitative Brine Shrimp Assay with Physicochemical Analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 50 656... 

Ircinin-4 is part of a family of furanoterpenes, produced by the Mediterranean sponges Ircinia oros and /. fasciculata, that exhibit high activity in the brine shrimp assay and turn out to be selective inhibitors of phospholipase A2. The first total synthesis was recently described by Furstner et al. and was based on the Pd-catalyzed opening of vinyloxirane (Scheme 21) employing the Tsuji-Trost conditions. Treatment of the epoxide 108, obtained from the reaction of 3-furyl-acetaldehyde with a sulfur ylide, with catalytic amounts of... 

Brine shrimp assay. The eggs of brine shrimp were placed in artificial sea water prepared by dissolving 38 g of sea salt/L of water and left at 24 C for 48 h. The larvae were then transferred into test tubes containing sea water and the experiment was conducted as with the mosquito larvae. 

The brine shrimp (Anemia salina) has been evaluated as an alternative to the mouse bioassay for use in cyanobacterial toxicity screening assays." " " As in the... 

Daphnia assay, the brine shrimps are exposed to different concentrations of toxicant, and the toxicity is expressed as the LCjo value. Extracts of cyanobacterial blooms and laboratory cultures, containing microcystins or anatoxin-a, have been found to be toxic towards brine shrimp," and fractionation of such extracts resulted in brine shrimp fatalities only with fractions containing microcystins." " ... 

Aspergillus parasiticus is an endophyte isolated from the inner bark of the redwood tree. Sequoia sempervirens (Taxodiaceae). Previously, several sequoaitones active in the brine shrimp toxicity assay were isolated from this fungal strain and more recently four new sequoaitones C — F (49—52) were isolated and found to be toxic to brine shrimp with LD50 of260 p,M, 1300 xM, 640 xM, and 260 p.M, respectively. ... 

D.L. Campbell, L.A. Lawton, K.A. Beattie and G.A. Codd, Comparative assessment of the specificity of the brine shrimp and Microtox assays to... 

In some palatability (choice) assays, fish are first trained to consume food particles in the assay, pieces of dried brine shrimp or food pellets coated with extract are offered alternately to controls and fish behavior... 

Zootoxicity of hemoiedemosides A (72) and B (73) from Hemoiedema spectabilis and their desulfated derivative 74 were evaluated using the brine shrimp Artemia salina larvae mortality bioassay [51]. Hemoiedemoside A (72) showed a noteworthy toxicity in this assay (LC50 47.5 ppm). Hemoiedemoside B (73) was 2 times less active (LC50 47.5 ppm) than glycoside 72 and nearly 10 times more active than the desulfated derivative 74 (LC50... 

The extract from a laboratory culture of an Indonesian cyanobacterium Phormidium sp. displayed inhibitory activity in a Ras-Raf protein interaction assay. Assay-guided fractionation of the extract led to the isolation of the major inactive metabolite, phormidolide 358 which was nevertheless highly toxic to brine shrimp (LC50 = 1.5 Compound 358 was one of the only few reported macrolide-type natural products, which were obtained from marine cyanobacteria. 

Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the ethanolic extract of the Patagonian starfish Anasterias minuta using the brine shrimp (Artemia salina L.) larvae mortality assay led us to the isolation of three sulfated... 

Brine shrimp lethality and cell line culture assays are the most frequently used in estimating preliminary toxicity potential of different biological agents. In this study, brine shrimp and CellTiter-Blue Cell Viability Assays were used in evaluating the cytotoxity potential of different plant extracts. 

Berberine chloride, as well as a series of twenty other pharmacologically active agents, was evaluated in a new microplate assay for cytotoxicity using the brine shrimp Artemia salina, and shown to furnish comparable results to those previously published in the test-tube method. The assay reliably detected all of the compounds toxic to KB cells in a series of twenty-one pharmacologically active agents, except for two which required metabolic activation in humans [241],... 

Jatrorrhizine was found to exhibit toxicity to P388 cells (ED50 2.0 pg/ml) and to brine shrimp (LDj0 0.2 pg/ml), but was inactive in antibacterial assays against Escherichia coli, Streptococcus aureus, or Bacillus subtilis, at concentrations up to 100 pg/ml)[291]. 

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