Sensory organs

A persistent idea is that there is a very small number of flavor quaUties or characteristics, called primaries, each detected by a different kind of receptor site in the sensory organ. It is thought that each of these primary sites can be excited independently but that some chemicals can react with more than one site producing the perception of several flavor quaUties simultaneously (12). Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami quaUties are generally accepted as five of the primaries for taste sucrose, hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride, quinine, and glutamate, respectively, are compounds that have these primary tastes. Sucrose is only sweet, quinine is only bitter, etc saccharin, however, is slightly bitter as well as sweet and its Stevens law exponent is 0.8, between that for purely sweet (1.5) and purely bitter (0.6) compounds (34). There is evidence that all compounds with the same primary taste characteristic have the same psychophysical exponent even though they may have different threshold values (24). The flavor of a complex food can be described as a combination of a smaller number of flavor primaries, each with an associated intensity. A flavor may be described as a vector in which the primaries make up the coordinates of the flavor space. 

Organoleptic A material that influences a sensory organ, as in the perception of odor by the human nose. 

Nociceptors are a specific subset of peripheral sensory organs, which respond to noxious stimuli. A8 mechan-oreceptors and C-polymodal nociceptors are the two main classes of cutaneous nociceptors. The sensory quality of pain evoked by activation of A8-fibres is... 

Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents Respiratory system Sensory organs Various... 

A. Durward, The skin and the sensory organs, in Cunningham s Testbook of Anatomy (G. J. Romanes, ed.), Oxford University Press, London, 1964, p. 796. 

Ellis, H. M., Spann, D. R., and Posakony, J. W. (1990). extramacrochaetae, a negative regulator of sensory organ development in Drosophila, defines a new class of helix-loop-helix proteins. Cell 61 27-38. 

Tio M, Zavortink M, Yang X, Chia W 1999 A functional analyses of inscuteable and its roles during Drosophila asymmetric cell divisions. J Cell Sci 112 1541—1551 Uemura T, Shepherd S, Ackerman L, Jan LY, Jan YN 1989 numb, a gene required in determination of cell fate during sensory organ formation in Drosophila embryos. Cell 58 349-360... 

In general, quality is assessed by quantifiable traits that are more or less related to specific attributes of the product and the production process. Moreover, the assessment depends on the information delivered by the sensory organs. Information is filtered and evaluated by the brain depending on the specific information provided but also on the concept of understanding that already exists in the cerebral cortex (Singer, 2000). A mental representation of a sensory event can shape neural processes that underlie the formulation of the actual sensory experience. Thus, the subjective sensory experience is shaped by interactions between expectations and incoming sensory information. 

In the periphery, NT3 uniquely supports proprioceptive neurons in sensory ganglia. These neurons and their peripheral targets, the muscle sensory organs, are lost in NT3 knockout mice. Mice in which the NT3 receptor TrkC has been knocked out do not live long and have abnormal movements as a consequence of their loss of proprioception. 

To assess the effects of the test substance on the central Anon.27 nervous system, peripheral nervous system, sensory organs, respiratory and cardiovascular systems, smooth muscles including uterus, peripheral organs, renal function, and adverse effects observed in clinical studies... 

The PNS contains only nerves. These provide the connections between the CNS and, for example, the muscles, sensory organs (eyes, ears, nose, fingertips,...), and internal body organs. Motor neurons activate muscles. Controlling neurons, intemeurons, modulate the sensitivity of motor neurons to sensory neuron input. 

The thalamus is the gateway to cortical processing of all incoming sensory information, represented in Figure 2.1 by the three major systems somatosensory (S), auditory (A), and visual (V). Primary sensory cortices (SI, Al, VI) receive information from the appropriate input modules (sensory organ -I- thalamus). The association cortex integrates information from primary cortices, from subcortical structures, and from brain areas affiliated with memory to create an internal representation of the sensory information. The medial temporal lobe (i.e., hippocampus, amygdala) serves two major... 

The term perception designates physiological and mental processes that serve to absorb and classify information from our internal and external environments. Speed, extent and quality of perception not only depend on the condition of the sensory organs but they are also a function of such factors as wakefulness, attentiveness or concentration, emotional and motivational state... 

Sensory evaluation is carried out by the use of sensory organs and most importantly by the nose. It is considered crucial for the acceptance of an essential oil in perfumery houses. A perfumer or a panel of fragrance experts often have the last word on the acceptance criteria however, their assessment should be verified and documented by experimental proof [1, 2, 4, 5, 69-73]. 

The PNS is further divided into functional sections known as the autonomic and somatic systems. The autonomic nervous system is also called the involuntary system. It regulates, without conscious effort, the visceral motor and sensory organs and muscles, as well as other smooth muscle and glands. The somatic is the voluntary nervous system which... 

The skin is the largest organ of the body. It functions as more than a covering. Skin is a multifunctional device it regulates heat, protects, and neutrahzes harmful environmental factors. Skin also serves as a sensory organ that allows the rest of the body to respond to touch. It is usually the first thing people notice. 

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