Morphological characters

Phylogenetic trees were generated by analyzing matrices of taxa (families of Haplosclerida) and characters (morphological, chemical) with the computer program PAUP 3.1.1 [87] in a Macintosh environment. Morphological characters are copied from De Weerdt [88], who is the only author who has formulated a detailed phylogeny of Haplosclerida families. Chemical characters are those discussed in the previous chapters, summarized in Table 4.1. 

First, because this is a small amplitude method, the electrochemical, chemical and morphological properties of the film are not greatly perturb by the analysis. Because electroactive pol3nner films may show dramatic changes in solvent content, ionic character, morphology, etc. upon oxidation or... 

The pseudocross-links, generated by the hard-segment interactions, are reversed by heating or dissolution. Without the domain crystallinity, thermoplastic polyurethanes would lack elastic character and be more gum-like in nature. In view of the outlined morphology, it is not surprising that many products develop their ultimate properties only on curing at elevated temperature, which allows the soft- and hard-phase segments to separate. 

PET fibers in final form are semi-crystalline polymeric objects of an axial orientation of structural elements, characterized by the rotational symmetry of their location in relation to the geometrical axis of the fiber. The semi-crystalline character manifests itself in the occurrence of three qualitatively different polymeric phases crystalline phase, intermediate phase (the so-called mes-ophase), and amorphous phase. When considering the fine structure, attention should be paid to its three fundamental aspects morphological structure, in other words, super- or suprastructure microstructure and preferred orientation. 

Figure 6-25. Fluorescence spectra at 4.2 K of T,. thin lilms with morphology characterized by a) grains b) layers c) islands d) sub-monolayer. The lower density ol aggregate states in the sub-monolayer architecture decreases the energy transfer efficiency to low energy stales and the fluorescence acquires dominant excitonie character (sec Section 6.6.2.2J.

Liposomes are formed due to the amphiphilic character of lipids which assemble into bilayers by the force of hydrophobic interaction. Similar assemblies of lipids form microspheres when neutral lipids, such as triglycerides, are dispersed with phospholipids. Liposomes are conventionally classified into three groups by their morphology, i.e., multilamellar vesicle (MLV), small unilamellar vesicle (SUV), and large unilamellar vesicle (LUV). This classification of liposomes is useful when liposomes are used as models for biomembranes. However, when liposomes are used as capsules for drugs, size and homogeneity of the liposomes are more important than the number of lamellars in a liposome. Therefore, "sized" liposomes are preferred. These are prepared by extrusion through a polycarbonate... 

A brief review is given of the important qualitative features of thermoplastic elastomers. Particular emphasis is given to the molecular structure, bulk morphology and interfacial character of these materials. Both equilibrium and nonequilibrium structures are discussed... 

---