Culex tarsalis

Rawn, G.P., G.R.B. Webster, and G.M. Findlay. 1978. Effect of pool bottom substrate on residues and bioactivity of chlorpyrifos, against larvae of Culex tarsalis (Diptera Culicidae). Canad. Entomol. 110 1269-1276. 

Reisen, W.K., G. Yoshimura, W.C. Reeves, M.M. Milby, andR.P. Meyer. 1984. The impact of aerial applications of ultra-low volume adulticides on Culex tarsalis populations (Diptera Culicidae) in Kern County, California, USA, 1982. Jour. Med. Entomol. 21 573-585. 

Oco6eHHO scjxjieKTHBeH 3FIH npoTHB jihhhhok KOMapoB (Aedes nigrotnaculis h Culex tarsalis), ycTonnuBbix k ZWT. 

It is clear that the insecticide of interest must be used to assay for this type of resistance since 1-naphthyl acetate, a general substrate used to stain for many hydrolases, did not detect malathion carboxylester hydrolase (assayed as the hydrolysis of [14C]-malathion) in starch gel electrophoresis of Culex tarsalis (23). Similarly, trans-permethrin hydrolyzing activity of soybean looper was resolved from 1-naphthyl acetate hydrolyzing activity by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (28). Malathion carboxylester hydrolases were not correlated with activity toward 1-naphthyl acetate in Drosophila, Anopheles, and Indianmeal moth (25.29.30). 

In the early 1940s, workers isolated WEE virus from Culex tarsalis mosquitoes25 and demonstrated the presence of specific antibody to WEE virus in birds,26 suggesting that birds are the reservoirs of the virus in nature. The annual incidence of disease in both equines and humans continues to vary widely, as would be expected of an arthropod-borne disease, and significant epidemics occurred in 1952, 1958, 1965, and 1975.24... 

Hammon W McD, Reeves WC, Brookman B, Izumi EM. Isolation of viruses of western equine and St. Louis encephalitis from Culex tarsalis mosquitoes. Science. 1941 94 328. 

Sheep blowfly (Lucilia cuprina, L. sericata) attractant sheep blowfly strike horrible in Australia Mosquito (Culex quinquefasciatus C. tarsalis) responses Mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus C. tarsalis) responses Sphecid wasp (Philanthus spp.) male territory marker, female attractant Bee (Panurgas banksianus) male attractant... 

Mosquito (Culex quinquefasciatus C. tarsalis) responses Likely attractant for predators on insect herbivores (OD-R) Ant (Formica lugubris) male pheromone Mosquito (Culex quinquefasciatus,... 

Carboxylesterases are involved in resistance to ester-containing insecticides such as organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticides. Resistance to organophosphate insecticides caused by enhanced carboxylesterase activity has been demonstrated in numerous insects and mites, including the mosquito (Cidex tarsalis, Culex pipiens, and... 

Esterasss. Esterases are a major mechanism of resistance to organophosphates and in certain cases may also contribute resistance toward carbamates and certain pyrethroids. The role of esterases in resistance in mosquitoes and aphids has been the subject of especially fruitful research during the past few years. In collaborative studies between our laboratory and French laboratories in Montpellier, Antibes and Pau, several electrophoretic forms of esterases A and B have been identified in mosquitoes (Figure 5). Esterases Ai, A2, A4, Bi, B2, and B4 are found in the Culex pipiens complex, i.e. C. pipiens and C. quinquefasciatus. Two other forms, esterases A3 and B3, are present in C. tarsalis, and still others (not yet named) in Aedes aegypti and Ae. nigromaculis from California, C. tritaeniorhynchus from Japan (22) and various Culex species from Mexico. 

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