Diet requirements

Another name for glucitol obtained by reduction of d glucose is sorbitol it is used as a sweetener especially in special diets required to be low in sugar Reduction of D fructose yields a mixture of glucitol and mannitol corresponding to the two possi ble configurations at the newly generated chirality center at C 2... 

Sodium chloride is a white, crystalline substance held together by the electrostatic forces between its two constituents, sodium ions and chloride ions. Salt is essential for human life. An average person has almost a quarter pound of it distributed throughout his or her body. Many of the sodium ions are found in the blood, where, among other things, they regulate blood pressure. Because salt is lost in sweat and urine, a normal diet requires us to consume it regularly. 

In addition to the five major risks, the ATP III guidelines recognize other factors that contribute to CHD risk. These are classified as life-habit risk factors and emerging risk factors. Life-habit risk factors, consisting of obesity, physical inactivity, and an atherogenic diet, require direct intervention. For example, emerging risk factors are lipoprotein(a), homocysteine, prothrombotic/proinflammatory factors, and C-reactive protein (CRP). C-reactive protein is a marker of low-level inflammation and appears to help in... 

While the dog is a carnivore, it is able to adapt to an omnivorous diet. Requirements for dietary sources of energy, amino acids, glucose precursors, fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, and water have been established based on recommendations by the National Research Council (NRC, 1985). Adult beagles maintained in a laboratory environment function well with one feeding of standard laboratory chow per day. In safety assessment testing, however, some compounds may induce serious dietary deficiencies through induced loss of appetite, malabsorption, or vomiting, and, in these cases, it may be advisable to provide a dietary supplement. 

Contrast the situation in an adult. Little growth takes place, but the metabolism must vary with time and physiological state. The body must make drastic readjustments from normal feeding to a starvation situation and from resting to heavy exercise. The metabolism needed for rapid exertion is different from that needed for sustained work. A fatty diet requires different metabolism than a high-carbohydrate diet. The necessary control mechanisms must be rapid and sensitive. 

It should also be emphasised to Mr AP that it is important to maintain a healthy diet during the period of dysphagia. A referral to a dietitian by his clinician may be advisable to enable an assessment of diet requirements to be made and advice to be given on alternative nutritional supplements (in liquid form) if required. 

FIGURE 2.46 Activity of sucrase. Rats were fed diets that were high in sucrose (open bars) or were Ccirbohydrate free (filled bars). The sucrose diet contained 650 g sucrose per kilogram of food. The carbohydrate-free diet contained a mixture of nonnutritive fiber and com oil rather than sucrose. The animals were fed the diets for 4 days then the intestines were removed for assay of enzyme activity. The results demonstrate that enzyme activity was about threefold greater with the sucrose diet than with the carbohydrate-free diet. Separate experiments revealed that maximal adaption of sucrase activity to the diet required 0.5-1.0 days. (Redrawn with permission from Riby and Kretchmer, 1984.)... 

The monoamine oxidase inhibitors are associated with a number of undesirable side effects including weight gain, postural hypotension, sexual dysfunction, and insomnia. The most serious side effect is the risk of tyramine-re-lated hypertensive crisis, often referred to as the "cheese effect," which can be fatal. To avoid this situation patients taking MAOIs must limit their tyramine intake, and the restrictive diet required to accomplish this leads to low patient compliance. A similar interaction occurs when switching patients from MAOI to SSRI therapy, and a minimum 2-week washout period before commencement of SSRI therapy is essential to allow MAO levels to return to normal. The therapeutic effects of the TCAs derive from their inhibition of serotonin and norepinephrine uptake, al-... 

Human diet requires proteins (milk, eggs, fish, and some vegetables), carbohydrates (plants), fats (oils) from both plants and animals, minerals from milk and meats, salt (chloride), vitamins from green vegetables and citrus fruits, and water. Micronutrients are furnished by seafood, cereals, vegetables, and fruit. 

Over the last few years, INRA has performed many measurements of true amino acid digestibility using intact adult cockerels (Zuprizal et al., 1990). As the birds were force-fed with the amount of diet required to cover protein requirements, the proportion of endogenous losses in the excreta was very low the endogenous losses were estimated using fasted animals. The tables present these values as well as those obtained using the same system and similar methods. 

Formulation of a ration or diet requires knowledge of the nutrient requirements of the animal (discussed in this part) and the nutritional value of the foods (discussed in Part 3) and, in order to combine these two, the amount of foods the animal can consume. Therefore, Chapter 17 gives details of factors affecting food intake in both monogastrics and ruminants and the methods used to predict food intake. 

Up to the present time discussions of comparative nutrition have dealt almost exclusively with different species of vertebrates, most frequently birds and mammals. Many of the observations upon which these discussions were based appear to be open to qualifications, owing to the unknown contributions of intestinal flora and fauna. These qualifications will assume most importance in quantitative evaluations of nutritionally active components of the diet required in minute amounts for metabolism. This problem has been recognized for some time, and one method in common use to minimize the contributions of intestinal microorganism is to diminish their numbers by administration of sulfonamides and/or antibiotics. One may question this type of procedure as possibly producing abnormal responses in the animal under study, but on the whole it may be justifiable until careful and critical work is done on bacteria- and fungus-free experimental vertebrates. 

The wax moth, Galleria mellonella, in addition to requiring fat in the diet, requires at least thiamine and nicotinic acid, and the rice moth, Gorcyra cephalonica requires thiamine, riboflavin, and pyridoxine in addition to unidentified factors. 

Low salt diet Is a rather misleading term. Since table salt is by far the most important source of sodium in the diet, most sodium-restricted diets begin with the elimination or at least restricted use of table salt on food. Hence, sodium-restricted diets are sometimes called low salt diets. A mild sodium restriction which is used as a maintenance diet in cardiac and renal diseases limits daily sodium intake to 2,000 to 3,000 mg. This means no salty foods and no salt used at the table. Other sodium-restricted diets include moderate sodium restriction (1,000 to 1,500 mg daily), strict sodium restriction (500 mg), and severe sodium restriction (250 mg). All of these diets require limited or no use of salt at all stages of food preparation. The strict and severe sodium restriction necessitates careful selection of foods for all sources of sodium, not just salt. 

Diet—High-protein diets require extra water for excretion of urea. Special attention must be given to the water needs of infants on high-protein formulas, since the concentrating ability of the infant s kidneys is not well developed. 

These are generally accepted as vulnerable groups of the population, whose diets require care at all times. They do, however, constitute a large proportion of the population. In addition, there are individual cases reported from time to time from hospitals, due to ignorance, disease, apathy or self-inflicted starvation. 

At about the same time, McCollum and Davis and others discovered that rats fed on semi-artificial diets required small amounts of accessory growth factors. Growth of rats required both a fat-soluble material A and a water-soluble material B. Factor A, which could be found in milk, was later shown to consist of what we now call vitamins A, D, and E (Fig. 3). In 1939 another essential fat-soluble nutrient, vitamin K (Fig. 3), was isolated from plant sources. It was designated K for koagulation, because it was needed for blood clotting. The water-soluble factor B cured beriberi in chicks. However, it was also... 

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