Hormone modulators

Vitamin B6-coenzyme is involved in a variety of reactions, e.g., in the immune system, gluconeogenesis, erythrocyte fimction, niacin formation, nervous system, lipid metabolism, and in hormone modulation/gene expression [1, 2]. 

Cannabimimetics are also shown to affect reproductive and metabolic functions indirectly by hormonal modulation through the hypothalamic and pituitary regulatory centers. They are found to reduce serum levels of the luteinizing hormone, prolactin, growth hormone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone, and to increase corticotropin (Murphy, 1998). 

M. Tsatmali, A. Graham, D. Szatkowski, J. Ancans, P. Manning, C.J. McNeil, A.M. Graham, and A.J. Thody, Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone modulates nitric oxide production in melanocytes. 

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary axis work together as important modulators of the immune system after exposure to stressors. Norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) (catecholamines from the SNS) and neuroendocrine hormones modulate a range of immune cell activities, including cell proliferation, cytokine and antibody production, lytic activity, and migration. This chapter will focus on these two major pathways of brain-immune signaling, briefly summarizing the evidence for SNS and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) modulation of immune function, their influence on immune-mediated diseases, immune modulation in aging, and early life influences on these pathways. 

Gonadal Steroid Hormones Modulate Vaginal Marking 22.3.1 Systemic Gonadal Steroid Hormones... 

Wallen, K., and Tannenbaum, P. L. 1996. Hormonal modulation of sexual behavior and affiliation in rhesus monkeys. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences in press. 

Holsboer F (2003) Corticotropin-releasing hormone modulators and depression. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 4 46-50... 

Lewy AJ, Numberger JI, Wehr TA Supersensitivity to light possible trait marker for manic-depressive illness. Am J Psychiatry 142 725-727, 1985 Lewy AJ, Hughes RJ, Bauer VK, et al Melatonin modulation of brain and behavior clinical aspects, in Hormonal Modulation of Brain and Behavior. Edited by Halbreich U. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press (in press ... 

Given that the seat of hormonal modulation is in the limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary axis, endocrine changes serve as important correlates to major psychiatric disorders. These changes include basal hormone concentrations, as well as responses to pharmacological challenges. Equally important, endocrine disorders may present with psychiatric symptoms (e.g., manic symptoms in hyperthyroidism, severe depression in hypercortisol ism, psychotic symptoms associated with Cushing s syndrome). Commonly used neuroendocrine tests include the following. 

A number of hormones modulate the actions of PTH, FGF23, and vitamin D in regulating bone mineral homeostasis. Compared with that of PTH, FGF23, and vitamin D, the physiologic impact of such secondary regulation on bone mineral homeostasis is minor. However, in pharmacologic amounts, a number of these hormones have actions on the bone mineral homeostatic mechanisms that can be exploited therapeutically. 

Rozman K, Rozman T, Scheufler E, et al. 1985. Thyroid hormones modulate the toxicity of... 

Johnson, L. K. O Brien, T. J. Strehler, B. L. Developmental restrictions on hormone modulated gene transcription. 

Tomassini V, Onesti E, Mainero C, Giugni E, PaoUUo A, Salvetti M, Nicoletti F, PozzUli C (2005) Sex hormones modulate brain damage in multiple sclerosis MRI evidence. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76 272-275... 

Category Hormone modulator Luteinizing hormone Half-life —14 hours... 

Hovorka SW, Hong J, Cleland JL, and Schoneich C. Metal-Catalyzed Oxidation of Human Growth Hormone Modulation by Solvent-Induced Changes of Protein Conformation.2001 90 58—69. 

Fagotto U, Marsicano G, Fezza F, Theodoropoulou M, Grubler Y Arzberger T, Milone A, Losa M, Di Marzo V, Lutz B, Stalla GK (2001) Normal human pituitary gland and pituitary adenomas express cannabinoid receptor type 1 and synthesise endogenous cannabinoids first evidence for a direct role of cannabinoids on hormone modulation at the human pituitary level. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 2687-2696... 

Muney virci-Delale O, Nacharaju VL, Altura BM, et al. Sex steroid hormones modulate serum ionized magnesium and calcium levels throughout the menstrual cycle in women. Eertil Steril 1998 69 958-962. 

Ahmed El, Zehr JL, Schulz KM, Lorenz BH, Doncarlos LL, Sisk CL (2008) Pubertal hormones modulate the addition of new cells to sexually dimorphic brain regions. Nat Neurosci doi 10.1038/nn.2178. 

Yallarnpalli, C., Byamsmith, M., Nelson, S. O., and Garfield, R. E. (1994). Steroid hormones modulate the production of nitric oxide and cGMP in the rat uterus. Endocrinology (Baltimore) 134, 1971-1974. 

Hovorka S W, Hong J Y, Cleland J L, et al. (2001). Metal-catalyzed oxidation of human growth hormone Modulation by solvent-induced changes of protein conformation. J. Pharm. Sci. 90 58-69. 

Immunomodulatory hormones modulate the normal immune or inflammatory responses. This class can include hormones that upregulate the immune response (e.g., interferon) or that suppress it (e.g., cyclosporine). 

Feigelson P, Beato M, Colman P, et al. Studies on the hepatio glucocorticoid reoeptor and on the hormonal modulation of speoifio mRNA levels during enzyme induotion. Recent Prog Florm Res 1975 31 213-242. 

---