Detergent activity

Detergents. The detergent industry consumes a large quantity of a-olefins through a variety of processes. Higher olefins used to produce detergent actives typically contain 10—16 carbon atoms because they have the desired hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties. 

This step is essential in the manufacture of detergent active ingredients as it converts the sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid esters (products produced by processes I-M) into neutral surfactants. It is a potential source of some oil and grease, but occasional leaks and spills around the pump and valves are the only expected source of wastewater contamination. A process flow diagram is shown in Figure 14. 

The effects of Mg-+ on UDP-glucuronyltransferase depend on preparations and substrates (D9, L14). Bilirubin UDP-glucuronyltransferase in untreated (F17, W12) and detergent-activated microsomal preparations from rat liver (HIO, Y2) and in purified fractions (A2, H2), is stimulated by Mg +. Employing purified enzyme (probably still linked to a piece of... 

A Km value of 1.6 mM has been obtained for carbamyl-P at pH 7.0 with detergent-activated rat liver microsomes. At pH 5.5, with 10 mM phosphoryl donor and 180 mM glucose present, carbamyl-P glucose... 

Wittenberg, C., and Triplett, E. L. (1985). A detergent-activated tyrosinase from Xenopus laevis. I. Purification and partial characterization. J. Biol. Chem., 260, 12535-12541. 

BORCO AP is a versatile aid in scouring as well as in dyeing all fiber substrates. It possesses low foaming characteristics and has good detergent activity when used with alkaline builders such as Tetra sodium pyrophosphate (TSPP), soda ash or caustic soda. Maximum scouring results are obtained with the use of TSPP. 

Quaternary ammonium salts that have a very long carbon chain, sometimes caUed "quats," are used as disinfectants and antiseptics because they have detergent activity. Two popular quats are benzalkonium chloride (Zephiran) and cetylp)n-i-dinimn chloride, found in the mouthwash Cepacol. 

Docusate is a fecal softener/sulfactant, which facilitates stool softening by detergent activity. Docusate is indicated... 

USE Cationic quaternary ammonium surfactant germicide and fungicide. Used in leather processing, textile dyeing. A mildew preventive in silicone-based water repellents. Compatible with many non-ionic detergents. Active in moderately alkaline solns. 

Cationic surface active agents such as benzalkonium chloride and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (Figure 1) have use as antibacterial agents, i.e., disinfectants and antiseptics, and have the advantage that the antimicrobial action is combined with a cleaning action associated with their detergent activity. 

A relatively simple way to obtain more highly concentrated betaine solutions is to adjust the free fatty acid content. By adding small amounts of fatty acid to the betaine with the amidoamine solution, betaine contents of 34-36% and detergent-active substances, including fatty acids, of 36-38% are attainable. Such betaine solutions are microbiologically stable and do not require preservatives [29]. 

The polyol esters have many interesting properties which make them useful as additives in foodstuffs, cosmetics and pharmaceutical preparations, detergents, etc. It is obvious that the functional properties of polyolesters, such as emulsification and stabilisation of emulsions, improvement of texture or consistency of foodstuffs, crystal modification, detergent activity etc.,are dependent largely on their chemical structure type of polyol and fatty acid,mono- di- triester ratio, presence of soap and free polyols, etc. For each specific application, the chemical composition has to be optimized. 

Since sucrose might seem to be an ideal monomer in polymerization reactions, a very large variety of reactions of this type have been investigated in Sugar Research Foundation supported projects. In the 1940 s, ethylene oxide was combined with sucrose, but the products obtained did not lend themselves directly to commercial development. The first intensive efforts to produce polymers occurred concurrently with the sugar ester detergent activities in the 1950 s. These efforts included studies of the polymerization of sucrose with urea, vinyl acetate,phenol and formaldehyde, ammonia cuid hydrogen, melamine and formaldehyde and meuiy other variations. 

Kaneka Corp., a Japanese chemical company has established an efficient radioactive decontamination strategy by using their biosurfactant, called Kaneka Surfactin, which is composed of surfactin. They successfully carried out decontamination of areas affected by the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant disaster. Efficient surface and detergent activity of surfactin make it eliminates radioactive cesium and other contaminants from the polluted area. Strategy adopted by Kaneka Corp. for radioactive decontamination of roads using surfactin solution is shown in Figure 14.8. 

There are four reasons why SOs/air raised from sulphur is becoming the predominant sulphonation agent for the manufacture of detergent actives ... 

A further chapter of the book describes the 20% oleum and sulphuric acid based sulphonation technology. This part is less extensive, since the SOs/air process is becoming predominant in the manufacture of detergent actives, taking over from the older oleum and sulphuric acid technologies. 

The builders were first tested alone, with no other detergent-active additives, to evaluate their intrinsic primary detergent power in hard water (Ca, Mg) at low temperature. The products evaluated were mostly well defined, and the goal was to correlate their fairly well-known base properties with the observed detergent effect. 

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