Desalination technologies

The training of many of today s industrial leaders in desalination technology was supported by these agencies. 

Although desalination technologies ate diverse, MSF has been for some time, and will remain well into the next century, the main process for desalination of seawater. Inroads ate being made by the multi-effect processes and, in particular, by the low temperature ME processes. 

Despite the cost of desalination technology, it has made water available in places where it was not before. Not only has water become available in these places, but the quantities available have also opened prospects for industrial development. This has led to important improvements in the standard of living with prospects for even further improvements in countries fortunate enough to be able to meet the cost of the technology. 

Desalination has been practiced for many years, although the early large-scale industrial applications were in the 1960s in the Middle-East using thermal desalination technologies such as multistage flash or multi-effect distillation. These plants used sophisticated thermal or vacuum systems to effectively distil a portion... 

Very few texts have examined in detail the methods available for the management of concentrate, particularly in light of the latest desalination technologies and likewise the recent development of concentrate management strategies and technologies. 

Data from (Voutchkov et al. 2010 Committee on Advancing Desalination Technology, National Research Council 2008 Younos 2005)... 

As an alternative to the addition of oxidants, ultraviolet (UV) treatment may be used. UV treatment has found to be less elfective than chlorine or ozone in preventing biofouling, however unlike those methods, it does not incur additional downstream processing (Committee on Advancing Desalination Technology, National Research Council 2008 Cotmvo 2005). This eliminates the need for the use sodium bisulphite or other reducing agents and the potential for FRC or ozone to be present in the final concentrate. 

Bonnelye, V., Sanz, M.A., Durand, J.-P., Plasse, L., Gueguen, F., Mazounie, P. Reverse osmosis on open intake seawater pre-treatment strategy. Desalination 167, 191-200 (2004) Committee on Advancing Desalination Technology, National Research Council Desalination A National Perspective. The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. (2008)... 

Voutchkov, N., Sommariva, C., Pankratz, T., Tonner, J. Desalination Process Technology. In Cotruvo, J.A., Voutchkov, N., Fawell, J., Payment, P., Cunlifife, D., Lattemann, S. (eds.) Desalination Technology—Health and Environmental Impacts. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2010)... 

Let us now attempt to review the field experience of seawater RO plants, perhaps the most important aspect of any commercial process, information most critical to the potential plant buyer. My comments here are biased by our experience at the Desalination Technology Transfer Center in St. Croix, where we have been operating seawater RO plants for more than four years. While it is certain that no two facilities have equivalent operational practice, experience, and problems, and I wish to emphasize this, nevertheless, I believe that by discussing the most limited operations information available, in light of our experience, it will make my comments more meaningful. 

Home pagefor the International Desalination Association, whose goals are the development andpromotion of the appropriate use of desalination technology worldwide. 

Figure 5.23 Comparative costs of the major desalination technologies as a function of salt concentration. These costs should be taken as a guide only site-specific factors can affect costs significantly [53]...

Currently, the most important application area for membrane distillation is water desalination technology. Figure 10 shows one of the water desalination processes developed by a Japanese organization, the Water Re-Use Promotion Center, in cooperation with Takenaka Corporation and Organo Corporation (204). The process uses solar energy and can therefore be installed at locations without an electricity supply. Other application areas for membrane distillation reported in the literature are summarized in Table 8. 

In 2002, the TNO Environment, Energy and Process Innovation institute in the Netherlands developed a membrane-based distillation concept that radically improves the economy and ecology of existing desalination technology for... 

Wastewater reclamation is a logical extension of desalination technology. Much of the membrane system design is common to both applications, and the membranes available for wastewater treatment are those originally developed for desalination. The first major project designed for... 

Wilf, Mark, et. al., The Guidebook to Membrane Desalination Technology, Balaban Desalination Publications, Italy, 2007. 

Refs. [i] Spiegler KS (1980) Salt water purification, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York [ii] Korngold E, Kock K, Strathmann H (1978) Desalination 24 129 [Hi] McRae WA (1983) Electrodialysis. In Porteous A (ed) Desalination technology developments and practice. Applied Science, London, pp 249-264 [iv] Strathmann H (2002) Membranes and membrane separation processes. In Ullmanns encyclopedia of industrial chemistry, 6th edn. Wiley-VCH [v] Levy J, Morgan J, Brown E (2004) Oxford handbook of dialysis. Oxford University Press... 

Raluy, R.G., Serra, L., Uche, J., and Valero, A., Life-cycle of desalination technologies integrated with energy production systems, Desalination, 167, 445-458, 2004. 

Al-Rqobah, H. E. and A. Al-Munayyis (1989). Recarbonation process for treatment of distilled water produced by MSP plants in Kuwait. Desalination Vol. I—Desalination in Total Water Resource Manage. Non-Traditional Desalination Technologies Operational Experience—Evaporative Proc. Fourth World Congress on Desalination and Water Reuse, Nov. 4-8, 73, 1-3, 295-312. Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS), Kuwait. 

Persistent interest in studying the clathrate systems is largely caused by the great diversity of areas of their practical application. They can be used in efficient fine purification of substances, in isomer separation [95,96], in the development of energy-saving water desalination technologies, etc. In recent... 

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